change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
to change (into); to turn (into); to transform (into); to influence
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; reinforcement
change to ...; becoming ...; making into ...; -ization; -ification
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
deterioration; getting worse; worsening; aggravation; degeneration; corruption
to deceive; to cheat; to falsify; to misrepresent; to evade (a question, taxes, etc.); to dodge
goblin; apparition; monster; ghost; phantom; spectre
evolution; evolution; becoming more advanced; progress
make-up; makeup; cosmetics; decoration; dressing; veneer
purification; cleanup (e.g. of politics); purge
specialization; specialisation
to take the form of (esp. in ref. to a spirit, fox, raccoon dog, etc.); to assume the shape of; to disguise oneself (as); to change (into); to transform; to change radically (for the better)
digestion (of food); digestion (of information); assimilation; consumption; absorption; (arch.) losing one's form and turning into something else
stimulation (e.g. of an economy); revitalization (e.g. of a town); rejuvenation; activation
deterioration (in quality, performance, etc.); degradation; worsening; (visible) aging; becoming unattractive (due to aging)
cosmetics; beauty products; toiletries; makeup
justification; rationalization
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
to poke fun at; to make fun of; to send up
disabling; invalidation; nullification; vitiation
ghost; apparition; goblin; monster; something unusually large
incarnation (of a god, spirit or abstract quality); embodiment; avatar; incarnation; monster role; kumadori worn for a monster role
assimilation; absorption; adaptation; assimilation; anabolism; assimilation (phonology)
to change (into); to turn (into); to transform (into); to influence
goblin; apparition; monster; ghost; phantom; spectre
embodiment; realization; materialization
antics; buffoonery; clowning; clown; jester
weathering; fading (of memories); efflorescence
regularization; regularisation; getting up speed; proceeding at full tilt
intensification; aggravation
making practical; making useful; implementing
petrifaction; petrification; mineralization; mineralisation; lithification; fossilization
deterioration; becoming decrepit; becoming worn out
substantiation; materialization; materialisation; (specific to object language classes) instantiation
fossil; petrifaction; petrification; fossilization
haunted house; spook house; haunted house (attraction); haunted attraction
becoming active; increase in activity
transforming oneself; taking on another form; disguising oneself; artificial fly (for fishing)
hardening; vulcanization; hardening (of attitude, stance, etc.); stiffening; upturn (in the market); firming up
beautification; cleaning up; tidiying; glorification; idealization; romanticizing
influence (on someone); inspiration
cheating; deception; trickery; manipulation; juggling; falsifying
change of heart; change of mind; change in mental state
making efficient; optimization
breaking ball (pitch); curve ball; screwball
incarnation (of Buddha or bodhisattva); avatar; embodiment (as in "embodiment of evil"); incarnation; personification
calming down; quieting down
normalization; normalisation
becoming more serious or severe; aggravation; intensification
ageing; aging; senile deterioration
aging (of a population); ageing
aggravation (of an illness); exacerbation; worsening
carbonization; carbonisation
optimization; optimisation
cultural assets; cultural property
embodiment; materialization; actualization; realization; taking form; taking shape
denuclearization; denuclearisation
change; transformation; inversion
softening; softening (of attitude); mollification; weakening (of the market); blanching (of vegetables; by depriving them of light)
visualization (of data, results, etc.); visualisation; making visible (something that was previously unseen); recording (a police interrogation)
coming to a head; coming to the surface; becoming an issue; breaking
democratization; democratisation
declining birth rate; decline in the number of children; sub-replacement fertility
degeneration; retrogression; atrophy; regression (e.g. of society); deterioration; degeneration
making (a manga, video game, etc.) into an animated film or TV series; anime adaptation
miniaturization; miniaturisation; downsizing
verbalization; putting into words
to bewitch; to confuse; to enchant; to delude
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
unification; centralization; integration; drawing things together; working out a common policy; consolidation
digitization; digital transformation
food culture; dietary culture; cuisine
encryption; encoding; encipherment
mechanization; mechanisation
chemical reaction; generation of an unexpected result from combining things
modernization; modernisation
stabilization; stabilisation
personification; anthropomorphization
quantification; expressing in numerical form; conversion to numerical form
exhibition game; training match
chemical substance; chemical
restoration; return to health
becoming dull; slowing down
commercialization; commodification; turning (something) into a product
strengthening of relations
making (a book, etc.) into a film; adapting for the screen
vaporization; vaporisation; evaporation
making obligatory; making compulsory
specialized; specialised; boutique
emergence (of insects); eclosion; growing wings
liberalization; liberalisation; freeing
appropriation; misappropriation; making one's own
declining birth rate and aging population
rationalization; making (something) conform to reason; rationalization (of a company, industry, etc.); rationalisation; rationalization
becoming a mere shell; becoming a dead letter; losing (one's) substance; being reduced to a formality
making (something) free of charge; dispensing with fees
Agency for Cultural Affairs
initialization (of a variable); initialisation; formatting (a disk); initialization; initialization (of a device); (factory) reset
important cultural property; important cultural asset
to become a wandering ghost; to appear as a spirit
being actualized; becoming apparent; becoming tangible; surfacing; manifesting
calming down; quieting down
specialization; specialisation; differentiation
suppuration; festering; purulence; pyosis; coming to a head; infection
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
person of culture; cultured person
innumerable changes; infinite variety
indigestion; dyspepsia; inability to understand; lacking comprehension; half-baked knowledge
shapeshifting (of an animal or spirit); goblin; incarnation; transformation
strengthening of a partnership (esp. between nations); reinforcing a collaborative relationship
subdivision; segmentation; fractionalization; fragmentation
monster cat; cat with magical powers
generalization; generalisation; popularization; popularisation
degradation over time; time-related deterioration
novelizing; novelising; adapting a movie, game, etc. into a book
clarification; definition
thick makeup; heavy makeup
organization; organisation; systematization; systematisation
destabilization; destabilisation
nationalization; nationalisation
moving into the black; becoming profitable
digitization; digitalization
toilet; lavatory; powder room
democratic movement; movement towards democracy
stipulation; stating clearly; documenting in writing; stating explicitly
toughened glass; tempered glass
electronization; digitization; computerization
carbon monoxide poisoning
privatization; privatisation
increase in speed; acceleration
different culture; foreign culture
normalization (of a social problem, of a situation, etc.)
increasing in size; becoming bigger; enlargement
tightening of regulations
depopulation; decrease in population
globalization; globalisation
liquefied natural gas; LNG
toilet articles; makeup kit
bogging down; dragging on; turning into a quagmire; becoming mired in a mess
greening (i.e. planting to increase greenery); tree planting; afforestation
changing into cash; encashment; cashing
systematization; systematisation; organization; organisation
purification; refining; simplification
radicalization; radicalisation; intensification; aggravation; sharpening (e.g. of an image); narrowing (of a peak)
countermeasures to the falling birthrate
unification; centralization; centralisation
naturalization; naturalisation
light makeup; light covering of snow; dusting of snow
to jest; to clown (around)
internationalization; internationalisation
increase in sophistication; enhancement of functionality; increase in speed; upgrading
visualization; visualisation
evolutionary theory; theory of evolution
education; enlightenment; civilization; civilisation; indoctrination
legalization; legalisation
maximization; maximisation
falling into madness; losing one's sanity; being consumed by frenzy; entering a berserk state (in fiction, games, etc)
coating of snow; blanket of snow
going feral (of a species); reverting to wild; escape
deification; apotheosis; wondrous change; great moral influence
Order of Culture (Japan); Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)
chemical; chemical agent; chemicals
corruption (of text, e.g. in email, due to improper encoding); garbling; illegal character; corrupted text; garbled text
industrialization; industrialisation; commercialization
goblin; apparition; monster; ghost; phantom; spectre
throwaway match (i.e. one played after a tournament has already been decided); dead rubber
adjusting one's makeup; renovation; remodeling; redecoration
intangible cultural heritage
fortifying; fortification
hydrogen sulphide; hydrogen sulfide; sulphuretted hydrogen; sulfuretted hydrogen
making (something) free of charge; dispensing with fees
civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation)
monstrous apparition; terrifying creature; incomprehensible horror
changing from free to paid (e.g. a service); starting to charge
electrification (esp. in the auto industry)
legislating; legislation; passage (of a bill) into law
fancy box; decorated box; vanity case; cosmetics case
company split-up; spinning off of a separate company
turning (a comic, novel, etc.) into a serialized TV-show; dramatization
male-to-female gender swap (in fan art and fan fiction)
postal privatisation (privatisation of Japan Post)
bipolarization; bipolarisation
goblin; apparition; monster; ghost; phantom; spectre
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
institutionalization (of a practice); systematization; systematic implementation
minimization; minimisation
toughening the law; making the law stricter
making (information) into a database; creating a database (from information); entering into a database
computerization; computerisation
chemical plant; chemical factory; chemical works
increased or beefed up security
facilitation; smoothing; streamlining
sustainability subsidy (for businesses struggling during the COVID-19 pandemic)
idealization; idealisation
Person of Cultural Merit; honorary title recognizing outstanding cultural contributions
turning into a brand; branding
making hollow; making meaningless; deindustrialization; deindustrialisation
urbanization; urbanisation
synthetic fiber; synthetic fibre; chemical fiber; chemical fibre
aging society; ageing society
creation; nature; the Universe
live-action adaptation (of a manga, animated film, etc.)
cultural exchange; cross-cultural communication; contacts between different cultures
civilization; civilisation; enlightenment
industrialization; industrialisation; establishing a production system; putting into production
cultural facilities (art galleries, tea rooms, etc.)
getting stuck in a rut; becoming stereotyped
labor saving; labour saving
visualization; rendering visible (e.g. a problem); digitization
standardization; standardisation
haunted mansion; haunted house; enchanted house
full automation; becoming unmanned; making (something) unmanned
standardization; uniformalization
colonization; colonisation
stormy weather (at sea); poor catch of fish (due to stormy seas); poor turn-out; recession
putting online (services, administrative functions, etc.); going online; digitalization; digitization
to turn into a state of feverish mood
homogenization; homogenisation
averaging; levelling (off); equalization; standardization; balance
arteriosclerosis; hardening of the arteries; loss of flexibility (in thinking, systems, etc.); inflexibility; institutional rigidity
systematisation; systematization
popularization; popularisation
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; OPCW
increase in the average age of marriage
important intangible folk culture asset
feminization; feminisation
chemical fertilizer; chemical fertiliser
reduction (in size); shrinking; minimization; trivializing (an issue); making light of; playing down
tangible cultural properties
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease
to jest; to joke; to play the fool; to act indecently; to be silly over
undigested (food); unfulfilled (orders); unused (funds)
Council for Cultural Affairs
standardization; manualization; compiling into a manual; formalization
evolved form; developed form
chemical experiment; chemistry experiment
liquefaction; fluidification
trade liberalization; trade liberalisation
evolved form; developed form
Act on Protection of Cultural Properties
caricaturing; turning a movie, novel, etc. into a manga; making a comic version of something
phase change; state change; transformation
(China's) Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
commercialization; commercialisation
leveling; levelling; equalization; alleviation (e.g. of unemployment); harmonization
chloridation; salification; chloride
vaporization heat; vaporisation heat
sanctification; consecration
major change; major transformation
mass culture; pop culture; popular culture; culture of the people (as opposed to the elite)
industrialization; industrialisation
obsolescence; becoming obsolete (of a product, etc.)
formalization; formalisation
sulfur dioxide; sulphur dioxide
militarization; militarisation
undifferentiated; unspecialized
symbolization; coding; encoding
sanctification; consecration
imperial influence; assimilation of new territory
shift to domestic production; import substitution
codification (into rules); moving to a rule system; regulation
to deceive; to cheat; to falsify; to misrepresent; to evade (a question, taxes, etc.); to dodge
moral culture; spiritual culture; culture born through the workings of the human mind (science, religion, philosophy, religion, art, etc.)
bleaching; whitening; chlorosis; albinism
very stormy weather (at sea); very poor catch of fish (due to stormy seas)
vassalization; vassalisation
slimming down; scaling back; thinning; streamlining; retrenchment
supernatural tanuki (Japanese folklore)
modelling (e.g. a system, etc.)
streamlining of operations
chemistry laboratory; chemical laboratory
specialization; specialisation
benighted lands outside of imperial influence
standardization; standardisation; normalization (e.g. in maths)
aging process; ageing process
turning a movie, comic, etc. into a (computer) game; gamification
many cultures; multicultural
semi-European-style house; type of Japanese house incorporating Western elements that was made popular in the 1920s and 1930s
Culture Day (national holiday; November 3)
conservative swing; drift to the right; rightward trend
becoming aware (of); becoming conscious (of); realization; conscientization; (formation of) critical consciousness
problematization; making an issue of (something); becoming a problem; becoming an issue
incorporation; conversion to a corporation; privatization (of a previously public body)
change; metamorphosis; transformation
Japanization; Japanisation; Japanification
chemical seasoning (esp. monosodium glutamate)
Sovietize; Sovietise; turning red; become communistic
theatrical adaptation; stage adaptation; adapting for the theatre (theater)
novelization; turning into a novel
modernization; modernisation
conceptualization; conceptualisation
haunted mansion; haunted house; enchanted house
enabling; activation; validation
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
important intangible cultural asset
Minister for Culture (e.g. in Brazil, France); Minister of Culture
popularization; popularisation
formulation; formularization; formularisation
to be stormy or choppy (sea); to go through hard times; to be broke; to be gloomy; to be glum
dance in which the dancer quickly changes his clothes seven times; lantana (plant, flower); hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla)
becoming an issue of public concern; becoming a societal problem
water-purification tank; septic tank
to deceive; to cheat; to falsify; to misrepresent; to evade (a question, taxes, etc.); to dodge
masculinization; virilization
becoming cancerous; canceration
to turn into a state of feverish mood
mysterious bird; strange bird; eerie bird; monster that has taken the form of a bird
prevention of global warming
synthetic fiber; synthetic fibre; chemical fiber; chemical fibre
standardization; standardisation
demilitarization; demilitarisation
albinism; chlorosis; bleaching (of coral)
Ministry of Culture (e.g. in China)
super-ageing society (aging)
looking great with makeup
homogenization; homogenisation
age lowering; reduction in age
naturalized citizen; naturalised citizen; immigrant to ancient Japan from China or Korea
socialization; socialisation
all-electric (e.g. heating)
prevention of global warming
two sly characters outfoxing each other; (lit.) a fox and a raccoon dog fooling each other
becoming part of the standard inventory (of a product); becoming popular
mortuary makeup; funeral makeup
quantization; quantisation; quantizing
internalization; internalisation
impersonation; personification
State Minister in Charge of Postal Services Privatization
animalization; animalisation
multilingualization; multilingualisation; localization; localisation
spontaneous birth; goblin; monster
commercialization; commercialisation
sulfuration; sulphuration
change over the years; aging; ageing; secular change
securitization; securitisation
centralization of power; centralisation of power
artificial incubation; artificial hatching
Kōka era (1844.12.2-1848.2.28)
objectivization; viewing objectively
stylization; conventionalization; standardization; formalization
turning into a slum; becoming run-down; slumism; slumification
acetone peroxide; triacetone triperoxide; peroxyacetone; TATP; TCAP
desalination; desalinization; desalting
Nara National Research Institute of Cultural Properties
Taika era (645.6.19-650.2.15)
classifying in patterns; typification
oxidizing agent; oxidant; oxidizer
intangible cultural asset
chemical weapons ban treaty
banning (e.g. an organization); making something illegal
biological and chemical weapons
vinyl chloride; chloroethylene
vulgarization; vulgarisation; secularization; secularisation; popularization; popularisation
colorization; colourization; adding colour (to)
making something freely available (information, access to a competition, etc.)
improvement; amelioration
hardener; curative agent; stiffening agent
mask (concealing one's true character); disguise; sheep's clothing
self-organization; self-organisation
lady's pin money (pocket money); payment to a cosmetician; cosmetic material; dowry (Edo period)
stratification; hierarchization; layering; tiering
digestive capacity; digestive power; digestive strength
environmental degradation
variation; variant pattern
becoming cancerous; canceration
a sense of release (as if one had wings and were riding on air)
country with a high level of culture
organizational culture; culture of an organization
conversion to sugar; saccharification
burying; underground installation (cables, etc.)
anonymization (of data); anonymisation
westernization; westernisation
becoming the objective; setting as a goal
manifesting in human form (of a Buddha or Bodhisattva); avatar
individualization; individualisation
aluminum oxide (Al2O3); aluminium oxide; alumina
becoming cancerous; canceration
Kagakuoyobi Kesseiryōhou Kenkyūsho (corporate name of Kaketsuken); Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute
cultural science (Rickert's "Kulturwissenschaft")
conversion to fiber optics
popularization; popularisation
toxification; turning toxic; turning poisonous
extreme population aging (ageing)
high molecular compound; high polymer
Galapagosization; phenomenon of companies becoming overly specialized in developing products for the domestic market
creating a mystery; mystification
equalization; equalisation
refinement; purification; gentle persuasion; winning over; influence
Europeanization; Europeanisation; Westernization; Westernisation
magnetization; magnetisation
manpower reduction; personnel saving
dissimilation; catabolism; dissimilation (phonology); defamiliarization (artistic technique); ostranenie
becoming a permanent resident; becoming permanently settled; domiciliation
ageing (of a population); aging
secularization; secularisation; popularization; popularisation
dinitrogen monoxide; nitrous oxide
hydrogen peroxide solution
virtualization; virtualisation
religious-fund soliciting; Buddhist preaching
international standardization
cultural museum; museum of culture
ideation; process of forming and relating ideas; to ideate
robotization; robotizing; automation
chemical symbols (for the elements)
changing; becoming; death
using up one's paid vacation days; using up one's holiday entitlement
bathroom mirror; vanity mirror
mortuary makeup; funeral makeup
multiple chemical sensitivity; MCS
lands outside (Chinese) civilization
female-to-male gender swap (in fan art and fan fiction)
chemical structure; chemical constitution
duplication; to make redundant
turning evil into good through proselytization
monster cat; cat with magical powers
gasification; vaporization; vaporisation
computerization; computerisation
nullification; annihilation
nationalization; nationalisation
evening makeup; rose evening primrose (Oenothera rosea); pink evening primrose
using up one's paid vacation days; using up one's holiday entitlement
multipolarization; multipolarisation
international cultural exchange
suppuration; festering; purulence; pyosis; coming to a head; infection
heavy and chemical industries
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
demutualization; becoming incorporated
crystallization; crystallisation
plotting (of maps); mapping; compilation
dance in which the performer quickly changes his clothes seven times; the seven disguises of ninja
Sekisui Chemical Co. Ltd.
Cultural Affairs Department
cooked and dry packed rice; processed quick-cooking rice
increase in the average age of childbirth
decryption; decipherment; decoding
guidance; teaching people and leading them to Buddhism
Sinicization; Sinification
all-purpose kitchen knife
manifesting in a bodily form (of a god or Buddha); incarnation; avatar
liquefied gas; liquid gas
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
vinyl chloride; chloroethylene
chemical composition; chemical component
simplification; unification
commoditization; commodification
arteriosclerosis; hardening of the arteries
liquefied petroleum gas; LPG
fiber-glass reinforced plastics; FRP
magnesium oxide (MgO); magnesia
dramatization; dramatisation
Hua Jin; technique in Chinese martial arts of absorbing or redirecting an opponent's attack
variation; amount of change
anaplastic cell; indifferent cell; undifferentiated cell
bipolarization; bipolarisation
acclimatization; naturalization; acclimation
applied chemistry; adaptation
doughnut effect (exodus of residents from city centers to the suburbs); donut effect
dividing into blocks; becoming a bloc; forming a bloc
apparition; monster; supernatural creature; shapeshifter
inflection; conjugation; declension
recycling; resource recovery
computerization; computerisation
normalization; normalisation; standardization; standardisation
commercialization; commercialisation
makeup base; liquid foundation; primer
evolutionary rate; rate of evolution
pyogenetic; pyogenic; suppurative; pustular; festering; purulent
Shizuoka University of Art and Culture
heaven of enjoying emanations; one of the six heavens of the desire realm
Nichia Corporation (Japanese chemical manufacturer)
inflection of words (e.g. declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs)
Chemical Society of Japan
recurrence relation; recurrence formula
liberalization of capital transactions
mercury sulfide (esp. mercuric sulfide, HgS, but also mercurous sulfide, Hg2S) (sulphide)
vaporizer; vaporiser; carburetor; carburettor
Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
influencing (a person) for good
case declension; case inflection
acclimatization; naturalization; acclimation
Kulturkampf (church-state conflict in Prussia; 1872-1887)
profit maximization; profit maximisation
Fuke school (defunct sect of Zen Buddhism)
reformatory; reform school
heavy double-handled pot used for making rice
becoming communist; turning communist
heaven of controlling others' emanations
fireproofing treatment (e.g. of a building)
chemical protective clothing; hazmat suit
bureaucratization; bureaucratisation
lantern ghost; demonic lantern
randomized controlled trial
cross-cultural; comparative culture
leftward shift; liberal trend
expanding abroad; tapping overseas markets
rooftop gardening; rooftop planting; roof greening
microminiaturization; micro-miniaturization
nitridization; nitriding; nitride (of)
westernization; westernisation
heightened tension; intensification of tension
ghost story; spooky story
ornamental tile; facing bricks
malacia; abnormal softening of tissues
simplification; simplifying
making people subjects of the emperor; imperialisation; imperialization
influencing people by one's virtue
stock conversion; conversion to stock
encephalomalacia; cerebromalacia; cerebral softening; softening of the brain
randomization; randomisation
vocalization; vocalisation; voicing
collectivization of agriculture (in the Soviet Union)
saponification; conversion to soap
localization (of software, etc.); localisation
cross-cultural; intercultural
iron sulfide; iron sulphide
keratinization; cornification
urbanization; urbanisation
urbanization control area; urban control area; zoning district where most types of construction is heavily restricted
mechanization; mechanisation
artificial incubation; artificial hatching
establishment (of a custom, system, etc.); taking hold; taking root; fixation
synthetic organic chemistry; organic synthetic chemistry
chemical structural formula
lady's pin money; cosmetics expense
polyvinyl chloride; PVC; vinyl chloride resin
Chinese-character cultural sphere; Sinosphere; countries where Chinese characters are used or were historically used
incorporation; assimilation; internalization; making part of oneself
militarization; militarisation
Japan Petrochemical Industry Association
urbanization; urbanisation
indigestible; digestion-resistant; hard-to-digest
copper oxide (i.e. cuprous oxide, cupric oxide)
East Asian evergreen forest culture (theory)
decentralization (of power); decentralisation
ionization tendency; ionisation tendency
increase in the level of academic achievement; popularisation of higher education
combining multiple prescribed medications (to be taken at the same time) into a single pack
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
moving to a market-oriented economy; market-oriented economic reform
aluminium hydroxide (aluminum)
clean-up campaign; beautification drive
customization; customisation
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
individualization (of a task or job; as opposed to standardization); personalization
becoming a dead letter; becoming meaningless (of a statute, law, etc.)
extremely popular long-running TV show
imperialisation policy (esp. on Korea during Japan's colonial rule) (imperialization); policy of imperialisation
Cultural Exchange Association
shift away from manufacturing to an information and service-based economy; softening; release (e.g. of a movie) on home video (e.g. DVD, BD, VHS)
putting into print; publishing; converting into digital text (e.g. speech, handwriting)
creation of the world; evolution
sampling (e.g. in signal processing)
culture of the printed word; book culture
assimilation; incorporation
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva; FOP
gastrointestinal stromal tumor (tumour); GIST
militarization (of a country); militarisation
industrial standardization law
Think and Grow Rich (1937 book by Napoleon Hill)
tendency to not get married; declining marriage rate
polarization; polarisation; lining up with
sulphur oxide; sulfur oxide
Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize
Cultural Heritage Foundation
visual culture; culture of visual images; (screen) image culture
liberalization of imports; liberalisation of imports
putting in order; systemize; systemise
moving away from fossil fuels; phasing out fossil fuels; decarbonization; post-fossil fuels
assimilation; metabolism; anabolism
undifferentiated cancer; anaplastic carcinoma
alienation effect; Verfremdungseffekt
Osaka Prefectural Museum of Yayoi Culture
low-carbohydrate diet; low-carb diet
deactivation (of an account, software license, etc.)
softener; softening agent
non-fossil (energy, fuel, etc.)
merchant class culture that flourished in Edo during the Bunka-Bunsei period
miniaturization technology
cosmetics put on before going to bed
pro-democracy movement in China
Japan Institute of Life Insurance
undifferentiated cancer; anaplastic carcinoma
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNESCO
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; SSPE
oxidation-reduction reaction; redox reaction
hydrogenated oil; hardened oil
Minister for Culture and Tourism
obfuscation (of source code)
encephalomalacia; brain softening
listing; turning into a list
specialized AI; specialised AI
creative evolution (as proposed by Henri Bergson)
Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterium that causes group A streptococcal infections)
differentiation strategy; product differentiation
gelling agent; gellatinizing agent; setting agent; gellant
heat acclimation; heat acclimatization; adapting to heat (of one's body)
pitch accent leveling; pronouncing normally pitch-accented Japanese words without accent
non-electrified; unelectrified
writing into law; codification; enacting
petrochemistry; petrochemical industry
normalization; normalisation
naturalized plant; naturalised plant
arteriosclerosis obliterans
evolutionary game theory (EGT)
Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute
National Institute on Aging
turning (something) into a show; turning into a performance; adapting for the stage
digestion resistant dextrin; indigestible dextrin
sea level change; eustatic change
organizational inertia; organisational inertia
iconization; minimization
monoamine oxidase inhibitor; MAO inhibitor; MAOI
optimization program; optimisation program
computerization; computerisation
cobalt chloride (esp. CoCl2, but also CoCl3)
synthetic chemical industry
arsenic trioxide; white arsenic (As2O3); arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)
adding a penalty to a crime (e.g. fines, prison); penalizing a crime
looking great with makeup
Japan-China Cultural Exchange Association
integration, e.g. of electronic components into integrated circuits
Japanese Society of Chemotherapy
nitrogen oxide (esp. nitric oxide, but also nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen pentoxide, etc.)
diurnal variation (temperature, etc.); daily variation; diel cycle
pyogenic bacteria; pus-producing bacteria
Japan Chemical Industry Association
caramelization; caramelisation
upper gastrointestinal endoscope; EGD scope; esophagogastroduodenoscopy; oesophagogastroduodenoscopy; upper GI endoscopy
noumenal Buddha (in comparison to phenomenal Buddha)
layering; stratification; sheafification
cell potency; differentiation potency
objectification; objectifying
cheating; deception; trickery; manipulation; juggling; falsifying
instantiation (in object-oriented programming)
animating (a character, object, text, etc.); making (a manga, video game, etc.) into an animated film or TV series; anime adaptation
isomerized sugar; high-fructose corn syrup; HFCS
carbon assimilation; carbon fixation
volatile organic compound; VOC
Council of Local Authorities for International Relations; CLAIR
greenhouse gases; heat-trapping gases
vacuolation; vacuolization
search engine optimization; SEO
coulrophobia; fear of clowns
swelling; expansion; puffing; inflation; bulking
increase; rise; growth; addition; increment
something difficult to teach
antimony sulfide; antimony sulphide
damping; muffling; noise-reduction
International Organization for Standardization; ISO
simplification; facilitation; becoming easy
carbon assimilation; carbon fixation
chemical oxygen demand; COD
atmospheric oxidation; oxidation upon exposure to the air; air oxidation; smoothering
stannous oxide (SnO); stannic oxide (SnO2)
giving guidance; explaining
canonization (in a textual sense)
(being) free of chemical seasoning (esp. MSG)
gynecomastia; gynaecomastia
sulfur dioxide; sulphur dioxide
decolonization; decolonisation
tulku; reincarnate Tibetan lama
diagonalisation; diagonalization
lead monoxide; lead(II) oxide
cultural cleansing; cultural genocide
heaven of enjoying emanations; one of the six heavens of the desire realm
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
erhua (rhotacization of syllable finals in spoken Mandarin); erization
vitrification (esp. oocyte cryopreservation)
Bunka-Bunsei period (approx. 1804-1830)
National Research Institute of Cultural Properties
fibre-reinforced (plastic, concrete, etc.) (fiber)
becoming more difficult (e.g. exam); increasing difficulty
assumption of a suitable form (by a buddha or bodhisattva)
Americanization; Americanisation
fossil water; paleowater; palaeowater
fundamental culture (concept proposed by German folklorist Hans Naumann); deep culture
castle magically created by the Buddha
personalization; personalisation; product stopping being a luxury item
palynomorph; pollen fossil
hazardous chemical; toxic chemical substance
chromium oxide (esp. Cr2O3 and CrO3)
McDonaldization (institutions in society becoming standardized and focused on efficiency and predictability)
generalization (psychology, linguistics, etc.)
mercury(I) chloride; calomel; mercurous chloride
mercury(II) chloride; corrosive sublimate
energy of ionization; energy of ionisation
index fossil; zone fossil; guide fossil; indicator fossil
impersonalization; impersonalisation; depersonalization
skeletonization; being reduced to bones
Non-Fossil Fuel Certificate
Buddha or Bodhisattva appearing in female form; female incarnation; female ghost; female apparition
objectification; objectifying
right to emit carbon dioxide
Society of International Education and Cultural Exchange; SIENCE
Palaeolithic culture; Paleolithic culture
ghost; apparition; goblin; monster; something unusually large
to age; to grow old (esp. in appearance); to show marks of age
haunted house; spook house; haunted house (attraction); haunted attraction
imperial lands; lands blessed by the emperor's reign
to turn into a state of feverish mood
erhua (rhotacization of syllable finals in spoken Mandarin); erization
sulfur dioxide; sulphur dioxide
standardization; standardisation
mask (concealing one's true character); disguise; sheep's clothing
cell encapsulation; conversion into cells
adapting for TV; television adaptation
cooked and dry packed rice; processed quick-cooking rice
decryption; decipherment; decoding
commoditization; commodification
ghost story; spooky story
gelatinization; gelatinisation; gelation; gelling
saponification; conversion to soap
undifferentiated cancer; anaplastic carcinoma
caramelization; caramelisation
objectification; objectifying
to unmask (someone's true nature)
to unmask (someone's true nature)
normalization; normalisation
arsenic trioxide; white arsenic (As2O3); arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)
generalization (psychology, linguistics, etc.)
encryption; coding; password
parity check (data, memory, etc.)
house used (by noble ladies) for putting on makeup
chemical fertilizer; chemical fertiliser
mineralization; mineralisation
(high) tariff protection; tariff jumping
market liberalization; market liberalisation; opening up of a market
dimensional regularisation; dimensional regularization
artificial incubation (method)
artificial incubation (method)
regularisation; regularization
second quantisation; second quantization
hardener (catalyst in hardening thermosetting materials)
thermosetting material (esp. plastics and resins)
privatized business; privatised business
paedomorphosis; pedomorphosis
vulcanized rubber; vulcanised rubber
gelatinization; gelatinisation
(fully) automated factory
vocalization; vocalisation
area zoned for urbanization (urbanisation)
to show one's true colors; to expose one's true character
to show one's true colors; to expose one's true character
subcategorization; subcategorisation
subcategorization principle; subcategorisation principle
subcategorization feature; subcategorisation feature
functional unification grammar; FUG
information visualization; information visualisation
unification-based formalisms
coded character set; code
character encoding scheme
changing something to full remote control
racemization; racemisation
sulphur chloride; sulfur chloride
ortho-normalization; ortho-normalisation
chemical contamination disaster
environmental degradation
structured query language; SQL
mixed plutonium and uranium oxides fuel; MOX
political liberalization; political liberalisation
Conference of Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
carbon dioxide reducing obligation
suddenly turning for the worse; sudden deterioration
fine chemical (high precision chemicals, typically used in pharmaceutical products)
(nuclear fuel) enrichment
postal privatisation (privatisation of Japan Post)
progeria (disease characterized by symptoms suggestive of premature aging)
cost minimization; cost minimisation
factor price equalization theorem
utility maximization; utility maximisation
mercurous oxide (Hg2O); mercuric oxide (HgO)
cadmium sulfide (CdS) (sulphide)
zinc sulfide (ZnS) (sulphide)
potassium ferricyanide (C6FeK3N6)
silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4)
silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4)
polyvinyl chloride pipe; PVC pipe
polyvinyl chloride pipe; PVC pipe
(study of) molecular evolution
elegant speech (esp. the use of the prefixes "o-" and "go-"); refined language; polite language
biochemical oxygen demand; BOD
evolutionarily stable strategy; ESS
the three creator gods (Amanominakanushi no Kami, Takamimusuhi no Kami and Kamimusuhi no Kami)
evolutionary developmental biology; evo-devo
economics of scope; economics of diversification
binary-coded decimal code
binary-coded decimal code
binary coded decimal; BCD
binary coded decimal; BCD
binary-coded decimal representation
binary-coded decimal representation
binary-coded decimal notation
binary-coded decimal notation
code element; code value; coded representation
search engine optimization; SEO
(cell) encapsulation delay
Data Encryption Standard; DES
digitization; digitisation; digital transformation; modernizing (society, etc.) with the use of IT
differential Manchester encoding
Hypermedia; Time-based Structuring Language; HyTime
markup minimization feature
link-by-link encipherment
romanisation; romanization; transcribing into the Latin script
phase modulation recording; phase encoding
phase modulation recording; phase encoding
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
metal oxide semiconductor; MOS
Metal Oxide Semiconductor; MOS
SQL; Structured Query Language
Universal Character Set; UCS
time-division multiplexing; TDM
omitted tag minimization parameter
normalized device coordinates; NDC
normalized projection coordinates; NPC
normalization transformation; Viewing transformation; window-to-viewport transformation
phase change optical disk
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor; CMOS
multiplexer; multiplexing equipment
Adaptive Transform Coding; ATC
non-return-to-zero (change) recording; NRZ(C)
standards organization; standards body
Encoded Information Type; EIT
body part encryption indication
culture of a higher order (as opposed to fundamental culture)
high capacity; high load capacity; high load carrying capacity
open-chain compound; acyclic compound
age resister; antioxidant
evolutionary epistemology
orthogonalized plane wave; OPW
carbon sink; carbon dioxide sink; CO2 sink
naturalized animal; naturalised animal
phosphine; phosphane; diphosphine; diphosphane; solid hydrogen phosphides (a yellow powder)
phosphine; phosphane; diphosphine; diphosphane; solid hydrogen phosphides (a yellow powder)
sustained virological response; SVR
isomerization; isomerisation
phase-transfer emulsification
complex compound; chelate compound
morphofunctional modifications
morphofunctional modifications
audio equalizer circuit; sound equalizer circuit
audio equalizer; sound equalizer
private traditional calendar published illegally (Edo period)
private traditional calendar published illegally (Edo period)
lead dioxide; lead(IV) oxide
period in the sixth and seventh centuries prior to the Taika reform
crystallization differentiation
one of the 72 climates (from the 11th of the second lunar month until the 15th)
change toward a borderless world; development of a borderless world
automated mass-production
postal service privatization
blackening solution; (arch.) developing solution
time when moles transform into quails (second climate of the third month)
demythologization; demythicization
femtosecond chemistry; femtochemistry
oxidative phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
zirconium oxide; zirconia
resealable metal can (for coffee, tea leaves, sweets, etc.)
incentives to promote land transactions
pyococcus; coccoid bacterium that forms pus
neutral theory of molecular evolution
makeup products; cosmetics
water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout; fresh water used when making up one's face
depalatalization (e.g. dropping small kana in borrowing foreign words into Japanese); depalatalisation
primary lateral sclerosis; PLS
chloroplatinic acid; hexachloroplatinic acid
oleochemistry; oil and fat chemistry
atherosclerosis; atherosclerotic
iron hydroxide; ferrous hydroxide; ferric hydroxide
hexachloroethane; perchloroethanes
periventricular leukomalacia (leucomalacia)
lithium hexafluorophosphate
lithium hexafluorophosphate
benevolent rule of a gracious sovereign
tissue plasminogen activator; tPA; PLAT
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PAH
(pharmaceutical) candidate compound
inclusion compound; clathrate compound
loris (esp. a slow loris)
Act on Control and Improvement of Amusement Business, etc.
transformation of the population of Japan into idiots (because of television)
crystallized glass; vitroceramics; glass-ceramic
normalization; offering people with disabilities the same conditions as other people
digital rights; digitization rights; right to digitize a work
New Culture Movement (revolutionary movement in China, 1917-1921)
employment mobility; fluidity of employment
subnormal number; denormal number; denormalized number
chemical oceanography; marine chemistry
age hardening; precipitation hardening; particle hardening
open-chain compound; acyclic compound
cyclic compound; ring compound
carbon sink; carbon dioxide sink; CO2 sink
modulation symbol (flat, sharp, etc.)
bowl of rice topped with beef (or pork) and egg
simplified Chinese character
polyvinylidene fluoride; polyvinylidene difluoride; PVDF
denationalization (industry, company, etc.)
actinic keratosis; solar keratosis; senile keratosis
low-carbohydrate; low-carb
card that can be counted as more than one type of card for scoring combinations (e.g. the sake cup card or the November suit)
card that can be counted as more than one type of card for scoring combinations (e.g. the sake cup card or the November suit)
Westernization of food; Westernization of dietary habits
Longshan culture (China, 3000-1900 BCE); Lung-shan culture; Black Pottery culture
everyone drinks at least a little bit; (lit.) ghosts and non-drinkers do not exist
everyone drinks at least a little bit; (lit.) ghosts and non-drinkers do not exist
carbon assimilation; carbon fixation
carbon assimilation; carbon fixation
randomized controlled trial
rendering plant for livestock carcasses
non-fossil fuel energy value trading market (established in 2018 by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)
bunkafu; tablature notation system used for shamisen music
trimming (of paper); trim
trimming (of paper); trim
naturalized citizen; naturalised citizen
simplified naturalization (for spouses of Japanese nationals, non-nationals born in Japan, etc.)
extraordinary naturalization; naturalization granted by the Diet to foreigners with special merit
systemic racism; institutional racism
septic meningitis; purulent meningitis; suppurative meningitis
habituation; becoming a habit; making a habit (of)
linguistic purism; linguistic protectionism
thermosetting resin; thermosetting polymer
electrochemical polarization
photofunctionalization (UV reactivation of implant surfaces)
becoming formulaic; falling into a routine; routinization
enhanced interrogation (e.g. waterboarding as used by the CIA)
agrochemistry; agricultural chemistry
boxing (putting a value in a wrapper type)
makeup bag; cosmetic bag; makeup case; vanity bag
global warming potential; GWP
frogification phenomenon; developing an aversion to someone one had feelings for once that person reciprocates those feelings; disillusionment upon noticing negative qualities in a romantic partner
de-dollarization; replacing the US dollar as an exchange currency
randomization; randomisation
antipyic (drug); antibiotic
recycling (into products)
bricking (e.g. of a smartphone)
to betray oneself; to reveal one's true colors; to show the cloven hoof; to throw off the mask; to give oneself away
to betray oneself; to reveal one's true colors; to show the cloven hoof; to throw off the mask; to give oneself away
end-to-end encryption; E2EE
end-to-end encryption; E2EE
detoxification; (toxic waste) treatment; sanitization; sterilization
hydrocyanic acid; prussic acid; hydrogen cyanide
cretification; cretifaction chalking
follicular keratosis; keratosis pilaris
hypercapnia; hypercarbia; hypercapnemia
cultural cleansing; ethnocide
stage adaptation; theatrical adaptation
autoencoder (neural network)
right to make available for transmission; right to put one's work into transmissable form
worse version (of something); inferior version; knock-off
enshittification; gradual worsening of an online product or service's quality
becoming violent (of a crowd); turning into a mob; rioting
removing excess material (from the build of a product)
water chemistry; hydrochemistry
fixation; rigidification; entrenchment; immobilization
culture club (e.g. at school)
icterus; any plant disease causing leaf etiolation
exteriorization; embodiment; materialization
ADEKA Corporation (formerly known as Asahi Denka Corporation)
Ise Chemicals Corporation
Chemical Industries Association; CIA
Society for Ritual Culture
Japan Construction Method and Machinery Research Institute
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
International Cultural Association
Shikoku Chemicals Corporation
Japan Information-Culture Society
Japanese Society for Chemical Regulation of Plants
Japan Association for Evolutionary Economics; JAFEE
Division of Biofunctional Chemistry
China Chemical Fibers Association; CCFA
Chinese Culture University
Sino-Ryukyuan Cultural and Economic Association (previous name of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office)
SPC Electronics Corporation
South-East Asian Friendship and Culture Association
Tonen Chemical Corporation
Tohoku Seikatsu Bunka College
Narabunka Women's Junior College
Nanjing University of Technology
Japan Phosphatic & Compound Fertilizers Manufacturer's Association
Japan Society for Biomedical Gerontology
Japan Association for Greening Deserts
Society of Evolutionary Studies, Japan
Japan Cultural Association
Japan Atherosclerosis Society
Japanese Society for the Study of Human Welfare and Culture
Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology; JASCA
Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Assets
Japan Society for the Conservation of Cultural Property
Bunka Women's Junior College
American Chemistry Council; ACC
Beijing University of Chemical Technology
Society for the Development of Greenspaces; sdg
European Telecommunications Standards Institute; ETSI
Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University
Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen University
Bunka Fashion Graduate University
Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)
Bunka Gakuen University Junior College
Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan; FCCJ
yellow stem borer (species of moth, Scirpophaga incertulas)
striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis)
map puffer (Arothron mappa)
chosenia (Chosenia arbutifolia)