simile; metaphor; allegory; parable
coarse; rough; crude; raw; unrefined
to form; to make; to build up (e.g. a fortune); to create; to accomplish; to achieve; to change (into)
phantom; vision; something fleeting; short-lived dream; fabled item; mythical thing
stone; rock; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); (round) game piece
brightness; splendour; splendor
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
origin; beginning; source
leader; guide; mentor; coach
handsome man; sexy man; lady-killer; (male) lover
reserve; modesty; hesitation; abhorrence; repugnance; loathing
judging from appearances; to all appearances; from the looks of it; on the face of it; apparently; seemingly
Western-style clothes (cf. traditional Japanese clothes)
intimidating air; sense of intimidation
charm; fascination; glamour; glamor; attraction; appeal
dispute; argument; contention
longing; yearning; aspiration; adoration
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
(full) name; family name and given name
to take part in; to be a party to; to side with; to support; to agree with
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
various foreign countries; several foreign countries
very rare; very unlikely (to happen); scarcely; seldom; improbable; almost never (occurring)
point of tangency; point of contact; (electrical) contact; point of contact (between); connection
to draw (water); to scoop up; to dip up; to understand (someone's feelings, etc.); to grasp; to surmise
(this) small amount; (such a) paltry amount; only this much; slightest bit
to put on (another's shoes by mistake); to put (shoes) on the wrong feet; to mistake (one thing for another); to confuse; to have a mistaken idea of
to represent; to signify; to reveal; to show; to express; to make widely known
knot; tying; bundle; lumping; conclusion; ending
founding a country; opening of a country (e.g. Japan) to the world; ending (a policy of) national seclusion
stochastic; probabilistic
previous generation (of a family); previous head of the family; predecessor; previous age; previous generation
to take over; to obtain by transfer; to inherit; to buy; to purchase
to give; to do (something) for
host; landlord; innkeeper
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
to be fit (for a role); to be qualified (for); to be equal (to a task); to be able to fulfill one's duties (as)
to transfer (trains); to change (bus, train); to change (to another ideology, party, company, etc.); to switch (to a different system, method, etc.); to move on to (e.g. a new love interest)
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
substitution; replacement; shifting; change