coarse; rough; crude; raw; unrefined
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
phantom; vision; illusion; extremely rare item
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
brightness; splendour; splendor
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
origin; beginning; source; rise
leader; guide; mentor; coach
lover; lady-killer; sexy guy
in appearance; to look at; judging from appearances
Western-style clothes (cf. traditional Japanese clothes)
intimidating air; sense of intimidation
charm; fascination; glamour; glamor; attraction; appeal
dispute; argument; contention
longing; yearning; aspiration; adoration
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
(full) name; family name and given name
to take part in; to be a party to; to side with; to support; to agree with
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
various foreign countries; several foreign countries
tangent point; point of contact; contact (electrical, etc.); point of agreement; common ground
to draw (water); to scoop up; to dip up; to understand (someone's feelings, etc.); to grasp; to surmise
tiny amount (degree, extent); paltry amount; slightest bit
to put on (another's shoes by mistake); to put (shoes) on the wrong feet; to mistake (one thing for another); to confuse; to have a mistaken idea of
to represent; to signify; to reveal; to show; to express; to make widely known
knot; tying; bundle; lumping; conclusion; ending
founding a country; opening of a country (e.g. Japan) to the world; ending (a policy of) national seclusion
stochastic; probabilistic
previous generation (e.g. one's parents); family predecessor; predecessor; previous age
to inherit; to receive; to take over by transfer
to give; to do (something) for
(parasitic) host; landlord; innkeeper
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
to be fit (for a role); to be qualified (for); to be equal (to a task); to be able to fulfill one's duties (as)
to transfer (trains); to change (bus, train); to change (to another ideology, party, company, etc.); to switch (to a different system, method, etc.); to move on to (e.g. a new love interest)
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
substitution; replacement; shifting; change
(not) even once; (not) ever
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy