person; character; one's character; one's personality; able person; talented person
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
red-light district; prostitution quarter; geisha quarter
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
inner palace (reserved for women); harem; seraglio; consort of the emperor
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
imperial court; royal court
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
trouble; difficulties; dispute; confusion; disorder; mess
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
reaching a stopping place; settling down (before the next stage); getting to a point where one can rest; one paragraph
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
style; manner; way; after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
9th in rank; ninth sign of the Chinese calendar
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
obedient; meek; docile; honest; frank; upfront (about one's feelings)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy