modern; lug arm tips (on glasses); temple tips
open; spacious; extensive
reception room; parlor; parlour
audience (with a superior, e.g. nobility)
congratulations and condolences
to build up one's strength; to get stronger; to give (someone) strength; to cheer (someone) up; to encourage (someone)
shallows; shoal; rapids; current; position; place
fence; hedge; railing; barrier; wall
cold; coldness; chilliness
limited; limiting; restrictive
rising; developing; emergent; burgeoning; new
industrialized nation; industrialised nation
profound (respect, gratitude, etc.); deep; careful (consideration)
to weather (a storm, rough seas); to ride across; to get through (adversity); to weather; to load completely (e.g. books on a shelf, people or luggage in a car)
crossing a border (illegally); border violation; border transgression
colonization; colonisation
unlawful; illegal; unreasonable; outrageous; unjust
settlement; immigration; entering a (Japanese) settlement
wasteland; wilderness; deserted land; prairie; vast plain; wilds
eaves; narrow aisle surrounding the core of a temple building
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryō system)
both countries; Ryōgoku (area of Tokyo)
to be a background factor; to be an underlying reason
international border dispute
hundred million; 100,000,000; 10^8
conquest; subjugation; overcoming (a difficulty); conquering (e.g. a mountain); mastery (of a skill)
federation (of states); confederation; commonwealth; union