indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
nth-year student; nth-year pupil
ten-year-old; ten year old
commonplace (of people or animals); ordinary; typical; ubiquitous; run-of-the-mill; found around every corner
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
your home; your family; their home; (my) home
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
from long ago; from old times; from time immemorial
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
various; a variety of; all sorts of; many (different)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
online shop; internet shop
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
company; corporation; firm; one's workplace
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
end; finish; bound; limit; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
spirits; excitement; tension; tension (mental strain); anxiety
highish; somewhat high; on the high side; somewhat expensive; comparatively expensive; on the expensive side
at; in; at; when; by; with; so