indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
there is nothing; having nothing
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling, atmosphere, etc.); serious; gloomy
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
platform; home; home base; home plate
to go down and stand; to alight; to get down
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
to look out over; to survey (scene); to take an extensive view of
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
first words said (e.g. when meeting someone); first thing out of one's mouth; first speech; inaugural address; first tone (in Chinese); level tone
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
board; plank; sheet (of metal); plate (of glass); cutting board; chopping board
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
with a whiff; with a puff; suddenly; abruptly; without warning
deep (hole, forest, snow, etc.); dense (e.g. fog); thick (e.g. weeds, woods); close (e.g. relationship); deep (involvement); intense (e.g. longing, flavor); severe
to sigh; to breathe a sigh
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
nothing but; except; no more than
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted