indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling, atmosphere, etc.); serious; gloomy
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
platform; home; home base; home plate
to go down and stand; to alight; to get down
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to look out over; to survey (scene); to take an extensive view of
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
first words said (e.g. when meeting someone); first thing out of one's mouth; first speech; inaugural address
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
board; plank; sheet (of metal); plate (of glass); cutting board; chopping board
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
with a whiff; with a puff; suddenly; abruptly; without warning
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
to sigh; to breathe a sigh
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted