if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
family; members of a family
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
life; lifetime; career; for life; all one's life; throughout one's life
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
address (e.g. of house); residence; domicile
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't you think?; indicates question
of course; certainly; naturally
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
honorific/polite/humble prefix
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement