hometown; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to start a journey; to embark on a trip; to set forth; to hit the trail
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to pass (the night); to spend; to reveal; to divulge; to prove; to verify
another; one more; even more; (not) quite; (not) very
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
Matsudaira Sadanobu (1758-1829)
thrift; economy; frugality
to press forward; to forge ahead; to push on
Kansei Reforms (series of conservative government measures; 1787-1793)
failure; mistake; blunder
to end; to come to an end; to finish; to complete; to finish doing; to be past its (one's) prime
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
common people; ordinary people; masses
vitality; energy; dynamism
to rise high (of water); to overflow; to swell; to be filled with (emotion, energy, etc.); to be bursting with; to be brimming with
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
study; scholarship; learning; discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
not limited to; not just ...
free and easy; open and natural; not fastidious
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
when it becomes; when it comes to
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Hizen (former province located in present-day Saga and Nagasaki prefectures, excluding Tsushima and Oki Islands)
han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods); feudal domain; fief; province