this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
how; in what way; how about; questionable
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
urgency; exigency; emergency
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
entering; setting (of the Sun); containing; content; income; beginning
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
in that way; thus; so; so?
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
ruffian; villain; peculiar person; idiosyncratic person; tricky thing; something that is more than it seems
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
being rampant; domination
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
to be grieved at heart; to be troubled; to be worried; to trouble oneself (about something)
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
used to indicate respect for the listener (or reader)
(Edo-period) town magistrate
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
control; management; supervision
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
to instruct; to tell to do; to ask to do; to order
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
you; (arch.) your residence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for