indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
stinking; smelly; suspicious; fishy; clumsy; unskilled
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you bastard!; you son of a bitch!
to release; to let go; to free; to add (pieces of eggplant, potato, etc.) to water, broth, etc.
beast (i.e. any animal other than man); person reborn into the animal realm; brute (i.e. a contemptible human being); damn it; damn
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
high-status Shinto shrine with connection to imperial family; imperial Shinto shrine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
now; the present time; just now; another; more
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the heat is off; things calm down; the excitement dies down
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to entrust (e.g. a task) to another; to leave to; to passively leave to someone else's facilities; to leave to take its natural course; to continue (something) in a natural fashion (without particular aim); to rely fully on one's (full strength, great ability, long time taken) to get something done
please (give me); please (do for me)