indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
peculiarity; uniqueness; characteristic
presence (impressive quality)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
reality; actuality; hard fact
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
gap; difference; disparity; discrepancy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to struggle; to writhe; to wriggle; to act frantically; to make desperate efforts
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
to colour; to color; to apply make-up; to decorate; to garnish
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryo system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654m by 654m)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
lower back (or hip) pain; lumbago
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
waterfall; (arch.) rapids
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise