indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
spread-out sail; full sail; (sailing) downwind
by myself; in person; by oneself
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
foster child; adopted animal (e.g. pet)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to pierce; to stab; to sting; to bite; to sew; to stitch; to pole (a boat)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
suffix for familiar person
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to mislead; to misguide
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
murder; homicide; manslaughter
chain; chaining; connection; (genetic) linkage
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case