time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
change; alteration; modification
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to plan; to form a plan; to scheme; to envision; to intend to do
time; hour; period; class
going upstream; sailing against the current
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
extermination; annihilation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
sword; dagger; knife; bayonet
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
to unfold; to unroll; to open
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
each; (arch.) you (plural)
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
three (long cylindrical things); three-of-a-kind (in a dealt hand)
how; in what way; how about
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question