time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
change; alteration; modification
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to plan; to form a plan; to scheme; to envision; to intend to do
time; hour; period; class
going upstream; sailing against the current
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
extermination; annihilation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
sword; dagger; knife; bayonet
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
to unfold; to unroll; to open
cum (e.g. bedroom-cum-study); holding both roles (e.g. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs); and; in addition; concurrently; at the same time
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
cherry blossom viewing; flower viewing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now