indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be resurrected; to be resuscitated; to be rehabilitated; to be recalled (e.g. memories); to be brought back
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
one move (in go, shogi, etc.); only way; only means; doing alone; doing single-handed
to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; to investigate thoroughly; to master
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
graduate student; insei; apprentice go professional
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
bill; bill of sale; tab (for later payment); credit; contact move (in go); direct attack to an enemy stone; sound effect produced by striking with clappers a wooden board in kabuki
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
bad move (in chess, shogi, etc.)