indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be resurrected; to be resuscitated; to be rehabilitated; to be recalled (e.g. memories); to be brought back
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
one move (in go, shogi, etc.); only way; only means; doing alone; doing single-handed
to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; to investigate thoroughly; to master
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
one (of a pair); incomplete; imperfect; few; little; off-centre
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to be conspicuous; to stand out
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be solved; to be resolved; to loosen; to come untied; to be removed (of restrictions); to be lifted (e.g. a ban)
next (e.g. "next April"); forthcoming; coming; to come; to arrive; to be due to
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
anyone; anybody; everyone; everybody; whoever
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
staff; member (club, society, etc.)
recruitment; invitation; raising (funds, donations, etc.); collection; flotation (of shares, loans, etc.)