yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Camus (French writer); Camus (brand of cognac)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
beginning; outset; first; onset
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
founder; originator; pioneer
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
object representative of a divine spirit; object to which a spirit is drawn or summoned; object or animal occupied by a kami
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
handing down (information); legend; tradition; folklore; transmission
by means of; due to; because of; according to
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
another (person); the other person; one more (person)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
such ... as; or some such
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)