indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
topic; subject; much talked about; topical; in the news
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
although I say; although one might say; although called
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to change; to alter; to reform; to correct; to examine; to check
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
only; merely; but; no more than
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
this is why; this means; it is the case that
and they all lived happily ever after; having a happy ending; ending without incident
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
study; diligence; discount; reduction
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
national language; Japanese language (often as a school subject in Japan); native Japanese words (as opposed to loanwords)
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion