indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
noise (usu. unpleasant); interference (e.g. radio); static; gossip; irresponsible criticism
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stare (at); to gaze (at); to look hard (at); to watch intently; to fix one's eyes (on)
gymnastics; physical exercises; artistic gymnastics; gymnastics competition; physical education (class); PE
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; person with a strong backbone; person that does incredible things; person of considerable talent
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
senior high school; high school
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.); quitting
at the same time; at once; just as ...; the moment ...; (but) at the same time; as well as
corporate (e.g. sports team); business organization; business corporation
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of; serving (in the military, congress, etc.)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
August; eighth month of the lunar calendar
(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
participation (in a tournament, match, race, etc.); entry; appearance (on the stage, television, etc.); exiting (a venue, train station, etc.); exit; being dispatched (of an ambulance, fire engine, etc.)
whirlwind; sensation; commotion; hullabaloo
to create (a sensation); to cause (a commotion); to give rise to (controversy); to raise (a cloud of dust); to kick up (dust)
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
time; hour; period; class
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)