how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
door (esp. Japanese-style); shutter; window shutter; (arch.) entrance (to a home); (arch.) narrows
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
honorific/polite/humble prefix
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
vajra (indestructible substance); diamond; adamantine; thunderbolt; Indra's weapon; Buddhist symbol of the indestructible truth
district; quarter; enclosure; area enclosed by earthwork; red-light district
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
beyond this point; from now on; after this
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stick through; to force through; to spread throughout; to thoroughly diffuse; to make a path between two points; to proceed in a logical manner; to let pass
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
last stand; last bastion; last stronghold; last frontier
reason; cause; circumstances
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
there is no way that ...; easy; simple
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
expresses a firm view or feeling; please ...; would you ...
scattered; disperse; loose; disconnected; in pieces; in drops
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit