to shine; to glitter; to be bright
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
to fall; to drop; to set (of the sun or moon); to sink; to decrease (of popularity, quality, speed, sales, etc.); to fall; to be inferior (to)
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
heartrending; pitiful; saddening; pathetic; heart-breaking
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
two (long cylindrical things)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
having little left; having few remaining; running short; running low; scant
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
Amitabha's Pure Land; Sukhavati
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to be; to come; to go; to be (doing)
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
prohibition; interdiction; forbidden; prohibited
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
hell on earth; living hell