to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
to put on; to wear; to be clad in; to twine around; to twist around; to coil around
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become hoarse; to become impure (of a heart, society, etc.); to be corrupted
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
so; like this; in this way
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
to lock up; to shut up; to imprison
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to have a go; to try and do (something); to take a chance with something
suffix for familiar person