spy working for the Edo shogunate; oniwaban
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
beshimi; noh mask with a slanted mouth, bulging eyes and large nostrils
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
arm; ability; skill; (physical) strength
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to loiter; to putter; to prowl; to wander about; to roam about; to knock around
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
appropriate; suitable; fitting; apt; proper; right
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
restoration; recovery; rehabilitation; recovery (from an illness); recuperation; convalescence
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
new type; new style; new model; new strain (e.g. infectious disease)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
forcibly; by force; against one's will
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
threat; menace; coercion; blackmail
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
to prepare for death; to get ready to die
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side