indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
substitution (for someone else); substitute; stand-in; scapegoat; sacrifice
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
consequence; outcome; result; blame; fault
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
direction; orientation; bearing; course (e.g. of action)
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
thickness; profundity; depth; thickness; strong and tight group or wall of stones
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
improvement (e.g. in skill, ability); advance; progress; communication of opinions of the general populace to those of high rank
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
retention; maintenance; preservation
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you; you shouldn't have; it's too much
(some) more; even more; longer; further
control (of a machine, device, etc.); control (over an opponent, one's emotions, etc.); governing; management
to see to it that ...; to make sure that ...; to try to ...; to make an effort to ...
processing; dealing with; treatment; disposition; disposal
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
weight; weight (e.g. of someone's words); burden; importance; significance
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
before; prior to; ago; the past; before; previously
like; similar to; as with; in the same way