primary school; elementary school; grade school
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
like everyone else; like most people; like an ordinary person; as much as anyone else
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
summer vacation; summer holiday
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
citizen (of a country); citizenry; citizen (of a city); resident; bourgeoisie; middle class
(swimming) pool; pool (cue sport); pooling (money, resources, etc.); pool (price ring)
to set (sun); to become dark
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
junior high school student; middle school pupil
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
originally; from the start; from the beginning; none the worse (for); (coming out) even; in the same position (as before)
shy; bashful; timid; reserved
character (of a person); personality; disposition; characteristics; nature (of a thing, event, etc.)
to turn up; to make an appearance; to put in an appearance; to drop by
to notice; to realize; to realise; to regain consciousness; to come to (one's senses); to come round
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
isolation; being alone; being friendless
senior high school; high school
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
rakugo; traditional Japanese comic storytelling; comic story (told by a professional storyteller)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
university; college; former imperial university of Japan (established under the ritsuryō system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
myself; yourself; I; me; you