contest; competition; struggle; scramble
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to finish; to get through with; to graduate; to come to an end; to end; to finish doing ...
camp (supporters of a doctrine, party, etc.); faction (of a party); military camp; encampment; cantonment
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to sink; to go under; to go down (e.g. sun); to set; to feel depressed; to become subdued
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
the art of war; martial arts; military force; the sword; (arch.) valor; (arch.) bravery
exclusively doing ...; person who exclusively does ...; fetish for ...; first; most important thing; number one priority
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
true; real; genuine; proper; utter
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
even more; still more; further
doubt; question; suspicion; dubiousness
to bud; to sprout; to arise; to begin to grow
chance; start; opportunity; cause; reason; excuse
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
one's post; place of work; workplace
oh; oh my; oh dear; well, ...; er ...; why, ...
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?