indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
perfect; complete; flawless
smirkingly; broadly (grinning)
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
brittle; fragile; weak; tender-hearted; sentimental; easily moved
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
not worth considering; out of the question
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
hollow; cavity; hole; cave
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
being defeated; being eliminated (from competition)
vote; ballot; label; ticket; tag
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
to show signs of; to appear
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
to be fragrant; to smell (good); to stink; to smell (bad); to glow; to be bright
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to attempt; to test; to try out
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo