indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Sakamoto Ryōma (1836-1867; samurai and politician)
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
now; the present time; just now; another; more
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
person; character; one's character; one's personality; able person; talented person
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
Sakamoto Ryōma (1836-1867; samurai and politician)
about; on; regarding; per; for every
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
splendid horse; promoted bishop
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
older brother; elder brother; young man; buddy; fella
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am; older girl
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
brothers and sisters; siblings; half-siblings; step-siblings; mate; friend
number one; first; best; most; game; round
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
(art of) fencing; swordsmanship
... years old; age (of) ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity