here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
supermarket; subtitles; telop; superheterodyne; super
shopping; purchased goods
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
department store; department
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
how; in what way; how about
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
how; in what way; by what means
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
airplane; aeroplane; plane; aircraft
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel; castor; caster
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
time; hour; period; class