indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Christoff; Christoph; Christophe; Kristof
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
educational institution; school; academy; campus
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
future (usually near); prospects
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
straight (ahead); direct; upright; straightforward; honest; frank
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
outline; main points; generally; on the whole; general; rough
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result