at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be unable to; to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do; to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
old age; age; old people; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) my humble self
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
to order; to command; to appoint
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
middle; halfway; half (of); one half; half (e.g. done, jokingly); partly
to threaten; to menace; to frighten (into doing)
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
standing by; awaiting an opportunity; being on alert
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out; to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily); to dawn
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
now; the present time; just now; another; more
vigilance; caution; alertness; precaution; being on guard
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to pull apart; to separate; to have a lead over; to pull ahead of; to outdistance