(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
national border; provincial border
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Sasamorpha borealis (species of bamboo grass unique to Japan)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
land route; overland route; by land; overland
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
control; bringing under control; settling (a matter); putting in order
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
beyond that point; after that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
small; small-sized; small-scale; miniature
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level