indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
second-year student; biennial
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
more than most people; more than other people; compared with other people; more than others
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a little; some; somewhat; amount; quantity; number
your house; your home; your husband; your organization; you
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
self-consciousness; self-awareness
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
animation; animated film; animated cartoon; anime
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
study; diligence; discount; reduction
than; from; out of; except; but; more
serious; honest; sober; grave; earnest; steady
to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
fast (walking); quick; brisk; quick (passing of time); rapid; swift
to give up on; to turn one's back (on); to abandon; to forsake; to dump (e.g. romantic partner)
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
future (usually near); prospects
ground leveling; ground levelling; groundwork; laying foundations
thinking the sun shines out of someone's eyes; being the apple of one's eye; loving someone dearly
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to cherish; to treasure; to prize; to take good care of; to look after
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)