indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
luxurious and gorgeous; splendid; dazzling
audience (with a superior, e.g. nobility)
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
slovenly (appearance, work, etc.); sloppy; untidy; weak; feeble; weak-willed
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
rivet; tack; thumbtack; drawing-pin; hobnail
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
jacket; book jacket; dust cover; CD jacket; record jacket
such ... as; or some such
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
shape; form; appearance; state; situation; suitable
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
more; much more; step; rung; paragraph; passage
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
periodic; regular; routine
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
management; administration; operation
bureaucrat; government official; bureaucracy
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
idea; plan; fancy; impulse; thought; whim
suitable; proper; appropriate; perfunctory; half-minded; sloppy
to let out; to utter; to issue; to send; to leave; to depart
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that