indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to all appearances; no matter how you look at it
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
as a child; when one was a child; childhood
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
not to mention ...; needless to say ...; not to speak of ...; (arch.) negligent; (arch.) neglectful; (arch.) careless
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
surrounding countries; neighboring countries; neighbouring countries
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to overwhelm (e.g. an opponent); to overpower; to overwhelm (someone with emotion); to move; to intimidate; to frighten
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
big; large; drastic; full-width cloth (approx. 72 cm wide for traditional Japanese clothing; approx. 140 cm wide for Western clothing)
to capture; to seize; to plunder
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
war; fighting; fierce competition
emergency demands; special procurement (particularly in time of war)
to grow hot (e.g. water); to boil; to get excited (at); to erupt (in applause, cheering, etc.); to ferment; to melt (of metal)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that