indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from the viewpoint of; according to
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to continue to rain or snow
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
awfully; frightfully; desperately; violently; unduly; extremely
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
surfacing; rising to the surface; emerging; leaping into prominence; rising (of rank)
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling, atmosphere, etc.); serious; gloomy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
canopy; dome; priestly minstrel's reed hood; reed hood worn by Komuso priests
across; over; beyond; throughout (a period of time); for
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to get (much) colder; to deepen (cold); to feel cold (of the body); to be chilled to the bones; to worsen (of relations, economic conditions, etc.)
to put out one's hand; to extend one's arm; to reach (for); to try one's hand at (something new)
side table; bedside table
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
clock to be placed on tables, bookshelves, etc. (as opposed to a watch)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to strain one's eyes; to look closely; to stare at
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
time; (the) hour; favourable time; opportunity; chance
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward