previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one's cherished opinion; pet theory
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape); extraction (of compressed data)
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
if; when; when it comes to ...; as for ...; why don't you ...; why not ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to learn by experience; to learn one's lesson; to learn the hard way; to be discouraged (by); to have enough (of); to be disgusted (with)
to be amazed; to be shocked; to be astonished; to be astounded; to be disgusted; to be exasperated
continuation; rest (of the story, work, etc.); flow (e.g. of a piece of writing); pacing (of a story); succession (of); sequence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
traditional cap worn by Shinto clergy and courtiers; crown; diadem; top kanji radical; first verse of a haikai, etc.; best; peerless
end; conclusion; last; final; once ...; the moment ... (, that's it)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
to hold (in one's hand); to take (into one's hand); to own; to obtain
(real) ability; true strength; merit; arms; force
proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
worthy opponent; worthy rival; good match
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
same generation; one's generation
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
horses 4 or more years old (usu. in racing)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
(means of) enduring; tiding over; pulling through; food offered to attendants of a funeral
to shave (wood, leather, etc.); to sharpen (e.g. pencil); to cut down (budget, expenses, staff, time, etc.); to curtail; to delete; to erase
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...