indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
various; a variety of; variously; in various ways; various things; this and that
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to turn one's head; to look over one's shoulder; to turn around; to think back (on); to reminisce; to look back (on)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
coffee shop; tearoom; coffee lounge; kissaten; traditional type of coffee shop with a retro atmosphere
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
obstacle; hindrance; impediment; nuisance; bore; burden
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
no sooner than; as soon as; immediately after; at the thought of; when I think about
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
final; eventual; ultimate
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
water (esp. cool or cold); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
to dash (water, etc.; on someone or something); to throw (on); to pour (over)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
neck; head; dismissal (from a job); firing
buzz; hum; shake (with vigor); shaking
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside; aside
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (someone)
he; she; that guy; that; that one; that thing
senior (at school, work, etc.); superior; elder; older person; predecessor
to do what one is told to (esp. of a child); to take someone's advice; to listen to what someone says; to do what one wants something (one's body, legs, etc.) to do; to work as expected (e.g. of a machine); to obey (one)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that