indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
first generation; founder
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
university or college offering four-year programs; the big four ...; the four major ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
eldest daughter; first-born daughter
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
same; identical; equal; anyway; in any case; if one must ...
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
red; crimson; scarlet; Red; communist
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
kingfisher (esp. the common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis)
pupil (of the eye); one's eyes
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
Florence; Florence (Italy); Firenze
neighbouring country; neighboring country; adjacent country
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to marry (of a woman); to get married (to); to marry into (a family); (arch.) to have sexual intercourse
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
originally; from the start; from the beginning; none the worse (for); (coming out) even; in the same position (as before)
weak (constitution); sickly; feeble; in poor health
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
since one was born; (in) all one's life