indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
perfect; complete; flawless
woman; female; feminine gender
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
wheedling child; spoiled child (spoilt); pampered child; child who always demands attention
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lift up; to hold up; to give; to offer; to devote; to sacrifice
now; the present time; just now; another; more
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go through; to pierce; to run through (e.g. a river through a city); to pass through; to stick to (opinion, principles, etc.); to carry out
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
regret; repentance; remorse
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
unusual event; strange occurrence; strange phenomenon; something abnormal; change (for the worse); accident
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
slander; bad-mouthing; abuse; insult; speaking ill (of)
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
to say previously unspoken thoughts; to start saying; to court someone