change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; reinforcement
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
disabling; invalidation; nullification; vitiation
petrifaction; petrification; mineralization; mineralisation; lithification; fossilization
assimilation; absorption; adaptation; assimilation; anabolism; assimilation (phonology)
stimulation (e.g. of an economy); revitalization (e.g. of a town); rejuvenation; activation
substantiation; materialization; materialisation; (specific to object language classes) instantiation
embodiment; realization; materialization
fossil; petrifaction; petrification; fossilization
hardening; vulcanization; hardening (of attitude, stance, etc.); stiffening; upturn (in the market); firming up
justification; rationalization
cheating; deception; trickery; manipulation; juggling; falsifying
beautification; cleaning up; tidiying; glorification; idealization; romanticizing
weathering; fading (of memories); efflorescence
influence (on someone); inspiration
making (a manga, video game, etc.) into an animated film or TV series; anime adaptation
change; transformation; inversion
making practical; making useful; implementing
intensification; aggravation
optimization; optimisation
ageing; aging; senile deterioration
mechanization; mechanisation
deterioration; becoming decrepit; becoming worn out
visualization (of data, results, etc.); visualisation; making visible (something that was previously unseen); recording (a police interrogation)
verbalization; putting into words
calming down; quieting down
personification; anthropomorphization
initialization (of a variable); initialisation; formatting (a disk); initialization; initialization (of a device); (factory) reset
emergence (of insects); eclosion; growing wings
softening; softening (of attitude); mollification; weakening (of the market); blanching (of vegetables; by depriving them of light)
miniaturization; miniaturisation; downsizing
making efficient; optimization
specialization; specialisation; differentiation
encryption; encoding; encipherment
deification; apotheosis; wondrous change; great moral influence
becoming active; increase in activity
vaporization; vaporisation; evaporation
modernization; modernisation
quantification; expressing in numerical form; conversion to numerical form
commercialization; commodification; turning (something) into a product
falling into madness; losing one's sanity; being consumed by frenzy; entering a berserk state (in fiction, games, etc)
making (a book, etc.) into a film; adapting for the screen
regularization; regularisation; getting up speed; proceeding at full tilt
coming to a head; coming to the surface; becoming an issue; breaking
suppuration; festering; purulence; pyosis; coming to a head; infection
generalization; generalisation; popularization; popularisation
novelizing; novelising; adapting a movie, game, etc. into a book
embodiment; materialization; actualization; realization; taking form; taking shape
appropriation; misappropriation; making one's own
organization; organisation; systematization; systematisation
democratization; democratisation
becoming a mere shell; becoming a dead letter; losing (one's) substance; being reduced to a formality
purification; refining; simplification
digitization; digitalization
subdivision; segmentation; fractionalization; fragmentation
declining birth rate; decline in the number of children; sub-replacement fertility
being actualized; becoming apparent; becoming tangible; surfacing; manifesting
education; enlightenment; civilization; civilisation; indoctrination
rationalization; making (something) conform to reason; rationalization (of a company, industry, etc.); rationalisation; rationalization
stabilization; stabilisation
becoming dull; slowing down
normalization; normalisation
different culture; foreign culture
calming down; quieting down
sanctification; consecration
systematization; systematisation; organization; organisation
increase in speed; acceleration
becoming more serious or severe; aggravation; intensification
visualization; visualisation
increasing in size; becoming bigger; enlargement
male-to-female gender swap (in fan art and fan fiction)
stipulation; stating clearly; documenting in writing; stating explicitly
imperial influence; assimilation of new territory
benighted lands outside of imperial influence
electronization; digitization; computerization
fortifying; fortification
bogging down; dragging on; turning into a quagmire; becoming mired in a mess
going feral (of a species); reverting to wild; escape
civilization; civilisation; enlightenment
unification; centralization; integration; drawing things together; working out a common policy; consolidation
depopulation; decrease in population
popularization; popularisation
turning (a comic, novel, etc.) into a serialized TV-show; dramatization
idealization; idealisation
digitization; digital transformation
live-action adaptation (of a manga, animated film, etc.)
maximization; maximisation
clarification; definition
feminization; feminisation
aging (of a population); ageing
changing into cash; encashment; cashing
normalization (of a social problem, of a situation, etc.)
industrialization; industrialisation; establishing a production system; putting into production
chloridation; salification; chloride
modelling (e.g. a system, etc.)
colonization; colonisation
formalization; formalisation
aggravation (of an illness); exacerbation; worsening
radicalization; radicalisation; intensification; aggravation; sharpening (e.g. of an image); narrowing (of a peak)
liberalization; liberalisation; freeing
making obligatory; making compulsory
averaging; levelling (off); equalization; standardization; balance
homogenization; homogenisation
globalization; globalisation
computerization; computerisation
legalization; legalisation
Japanization; Japanisation; Japanification
enabling; activation; validation
urbanization; urbanisation
getting stuck in a rut; becoming stereotyped
minimization; minimisation
caricaturing; turning a movie, novel, etc. into a manga; making a comic version of something
reduction (in size); shrinking; minimization; trivializing (an issue); making light of; playing down
destabilization; destabilisation
systematisation; systematization
becoming cancerous; canceration
bleaching; whitening; chlorosis; albinism
popularization; popularisation
liquefaction; fluidification
internationalization; internationalisation
restoration; return to health
sanctification; consecration
standardization; standardisation
turning a movie, comic, etc. into a (computer) game; gamification
becoming aware (of); becoming conscious (of); realization; conscientization; (formation of) critical consciousness
novelization; turning into a novel
privatization; privatisation
vassalization; vassalisation
conceptualization; conceptualisation
obsolescence; becoming obsolete (of a product, etc.)
nationalization; nationalisation
making hollow; making meaningless; deindustrialization; deindustrialisation
symbolization; coding; encoding
specialization; specialisation
standardization; standardisation; normalization (e.g. in maths)
internalization; internalisation
standardization; manualization; compiling into a manual; formalization
institutionalization (of a practice); systematization; systematic implementation
quantization; quantisation; quantizing
formulation; formularization; formularisation
bipolarization; bipolarisation
leveling; levelling; equalization; alleviation (e.g. of unemployment); harmonization
full automation; becoming unmanned; making (something) unmanned
increase in sophistication; enhancement of functionality; increase in speed; upgrading
turning into a brand; branding
masculinization; virilization
labor saving; labour saving
moving into the black; becoming profitable
making (information) into a database; creating a database (from information); entering into a database
animalization; animalisation
unification; centralization; centralisation
increase in the average age of marriage
synthetic fiber; synthetic fibre; chemical fiber; chemical fibre
socialization; socialisation
industrialization; industrialisation; commercialization
Taika era (645.6.19-650.2.15)
improvement; amelioration
homogenization; homogenisation
standardization; uniformalization
impersonation; personification
standardization; standardisation
stylization; conventionalization; standardization; formalization
theatrical adaptation; stage adaptation; adapting for the theatre (theater)
objectivization; viewing objectively
problematization; making an issue of (something); becoming a problem; becoming an issue
individualization; individualisation
facilitation; smoothing; streamlining
incorporation; conversion to a corporation; privatization (of a previously public body)
centralization of power; centralisation of power
becoming part of the standard inventory (of a product); becoming popular
commercialization; commercialisation
conversion to fiber optics
turning into a slum; becoming run-down; slumism; slumification
refinement; purification; gentle persuasion; winning over; influence
stratification; hierarchization; layering; tiering
conversion to sugar; saccharification
popularization; popularisation
desalination; desalinization; desalting
visualization; rendering visible (e.g. a problem); digitization
Europeanization; Europeanisation; Westernization; Westernisation
becoming cancerous; canceration
industrialization; industrialisation
securitization; securitisation
toughening the law; making the law stricter
female-to-male gender swap (in fan art and fan fiction)
conservative swing; drift to the right; rightward trend
westernization; westernisation
becoming cancerous; canceration
dissimilation; catabolism; dissimilation (phonology); defamiliarization (artistic technique); ostranenie
classifying in patterns; typification
codification (into rules); moving to a rule system; regulation
secularization; secularisation; popularization; popularisation
virtualization; virtualisation
putting online (services, administrative functions, etc.); going online; digitalization; digitization
slimming down; scaling back; thinning; streamlining; retrenchment
duplication; to make redundant
legislating; legislation; passage (of a bill) into law
becoming the objective; setting as a goal
gasification; vaporization; vaporisation
modernization; modernisation
hydrogen peroxide solution
ideation; process of forming and relating ideas; to ideate
nullification; annihilation
equalization; equalisation
company split-up; spinning off of a separate company
decryption; decipherment; decoding
manpower reduction; personnel saving
nationalization; nationalisation
age lowering; reduction in age
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
computerization; computerisation
robotization; robotizing; automation
simplification; unification
making (something) free of charge; dispensing with fees
shift to domestic production; import substitution
anonymization (of data); anonymisation
becoming a permanent resident; becoming permanently settled; domiciliation
dramatization; dramatisation
becoming an issue of public concern; becoming a societal problem
suppuration; festering; purulence; pyosis; coming to a head; infection
computerization; computerisation
commercialization; commercialisation
mechanization; mechanisation
militarization; militarisation
making something freely available (information, access to a competition, etc.)
colorization; colourization; adding colour (to)
doughnut effect (exodus of residents from city centers to the suburbs); donut effect
commercialization; commercialisation
recurrence relation; recurrence formula
Galapagosization; phenomenon of companies becoming overly specialized in developing products for the domestic market
banning (e.g. an organization); making something illegal
applied chemistry; adaptation
changing from free to paid (e.g. a service); starting to charge
becoming communist; turning communist
commoditization; commodification
important intangible folk culture asset
westernization; westernisation
influencing people by one's virtue
Sinicization; Sinification
vocalization; vocalisation; voicing
urbanization; urbanisation
making (something) free of charge; dispensing with fees
localization (of software, etc.); localisation
microminiaturization; micro-miniaturization
collectivization of agriculture (in the Soviet Union)
bureaucratization; bureaucratisation
keratinization; cornification
acclimatization; naturalization; acclimation
burying; underground installation (cables, etc.)
dividing into blocks; becoming a bloc; forming a bloc
establishment (of a custom, system, etc.); taking hold; taking root; fixation
normalization; normalisation; standardization; standardisation
incorporation; assimilation; internalization; making part of oneself
demilitarization; demilitarisation
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
sampling (e.g. in signal processing)
customization; customisation
simplification; simplifying
demutualization; becoming incorporated
militarization; militarisation
shift away from manufacturing to an information and service-based economy; softening; release (e.g. of a movie) on home video (e.g. DVD, BD, VHS)
decentralization (of power); decentralisation
randomization; randomisation
assimilation; incorporation
recycling; resource recovery
putting in order; systemize; systemise
layering; stratification; sheafification
simplification; facilitation; becoming easy
multilingualization; multilingualisation; localization; localisation
electrification (esp. in the auto industry)
becoming a dead letter; becoming meaningless (of a statute, law, etc.)
writing into law; codification; enacting
merchant class culture that flourished in Edo during the Bunka-Bunsei period
extreme population aging (ageing)
obfuscation (of source code)
putting into print; publishing; converting into digital text (e.g. speech, handwriting)
pitch accent leveling; pronouncing normally pitch-accented Japanese words without accent
increase; rise; growth; addition; increment
bipolarization; bipolarisation
caramelization; caramelisation
objectification; objectifying
listing; turning into a list
turning (something) into a show; turning into a performance; adapting for the stage
ageing (of a population); aging
iconization; minimization
instantiation (in object-oriented programming)
animating (a character, object, text, etc.); making (a manga, video game, etc.) into an animated film or TV series; anime adaptation
vacuolation; vacuolization
integration, e.g. of electronic components into integrated circuits
organizational inertia; organisational inertia
urbanization; urbanisation
leftward shift; liberal trend
plotting (of maps); mapping; compilation
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
Americanization; Americanisation
McDonaldization (institutions in society becoming standardized and focused on efficiency and predictability)
objectification; objectifying
individualization (of a task or job; as opposed to standardization); personalization
polarization; polarisation; lining up with
increase in the level of academic achievement; popularisation of higher education
personalization; personalisation; product stopping being a luxury item
diagonalisation; diagonalization
damping; muffling; noise-reduction
skeletonization; being reduced to bones
becoming more difficult (e.g. exam); increasing difficulty
canonization (in a textual sense)
acetone peroxide; triacetone triperoxide; peroxyacetone; TATP; TCAP
tendency to not get married; declining marriage rate
giving guidance; explaining
computerization; computerisation
cheating; deception; trickery; manipulation; juggling; falsifying
erhua (rhotacization of syllable finals in spoken Mandarin); erization
cell encapsulation; conversion into cells
standardization; standardisation
gelatinization; gelatinisation; gelation; gelling
decryption; decipherment; decoding
adapting for TV; television adaptation
commoditization; commodification
caramelization; caramelisation
objectification; objectifying
generalization (psychology, linguistics, etc.)
increase in the average age of childbirth
time-division multiplexing; TDM
Division of Biofunctional Chemistry
transformation of the population of Japan into idiots (because of television)
normalization; offering people with disabilities the same conditions as other people
benevolent rule of a gracious sovereign
demythologization; demythicization
Beijing University of Chemical Technology
Nanjing University of Technology
randomization; randomisation
detoxification; (toxic waste) treatment; sanitization; sterilization
vocalization; vocalisation
change toward a borderless world; development of a borderless world
sustainability subsidy (for businesses struggling during the COVID-19 pandemic)
binary-coded decimal notation
depalatalization (e.g. dropping small kana in borrowing foreign words into Japanese); depalatalisation
binary-coded decimal code
binary coded decimal; BCD
rendering plant for livestock carcasses
sustained virological response; SVR
binary-coded decimal representation
militarization (of a country); militarisation
photofunctionalization (UV reactivation of implant surfaces)
isomerization; isomerisation
fireproofing treatment (e.g. of a building)
changing something to full remote control
racemization; racemisation
potassium ferricyanide (C6FeK3N6)
digitization; digitisation; digital transformation; modernizing (society, etc.) with the use of IT
polyvinylidene fluoride; polyvinylidene difluoride; PVDF
becoming formulaic; falling into a routine; routinization
boxing (putting a value in a wrapper type)
enshittification; gradual worsening of an online product or service's quality
Westernization of food; Westernization of dietary habits
subcategorization; subcategorisation
orthogonalized plane wave; OPW
moving to a market-oriented economy; market-oriented economic reform
phosphine; phosphane; diphosphine; diphosphane; solid hydrogen phosphides (a yellow powder)
right to make available for transmission; right to put one's work into transmissable form
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
(high) tariff protection; tariff jumping
ortho-normalization; ortho-normalisation
SPC Electronics Corporation
oxidative phosphorylation
fixation; rigidification; entrenchment; immobilization
multipolarization; multipolarisation
cretification; cretifaction chalking
regularisation; regularization
oxidative phosphorylation
hydrocyanic acid; prussic acid; hydrogen cyanide
phosphine; phosphane; diphosphine; diphosphane; solid hydrogen phosphides (a yellow powder)
high capacity; high load capacity; high load carrying capacity
high capacity; high load capacity; high load carrying capacity
romanisation; romanization; transcribing into the Latin script
frogification phenomenon; developing an aversion to someone one had feelings for once that person reciprocates those feelings; disillusionment upon noticing negative qualities in a romantic partner
removing excess material (from the build of a product)
becoming violent (of a crowd); turning into a mob; rioting
Japan Construction Method and Machinery Research Institute
encryption; coding; password
bricking (e.g. of a smartphone)
exteriorization; embodiment; materialization
simplified Chinese character
habituation; becoming a habit; making a habit (of)
normalization; normalisation
normalization; normalisation
stock conversion; conversion to stock
(nuclear fuel) enrichment
denuclearization; denuclearisation
adding a penalty to a crime (e.g. fines, prison); penalizing a crime
one of the 72 climates (from the 11th of the second lunar month until the 15th)
time when moles transform into quails (second climate of the third month)
striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis)
yellow stem borer (species of moth, Scirpophaga incertulas)