assimilation; absorption; adaptation; assimilation; anabolism; assimilation (phonology)
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
plotting (of maps); mapping; compilation
urbanization; urbanisation
stratification; hierarchization; layering; tiering
visualization (of data, results, etc.); visualisation; making visible (something that was previously unseen); recording (a police interrogation)
specialization; specialisation; differentiation
softening; softening (of attitude); mollification; weakening (of the market); blanching (of vegetables; by depriving them of light)
weathering; fading (of memories); efflorescence
beautification; cleaning up; tidiying; glorification; idealization; romanticizing
influencing people by one's virtue
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
virtualization; virtualisation
turning a movie, comic, etc. into a (computer) game; gamification
layering; stratification; sheafification
becoming dull; slowing down
ageing; aging; senile deterioration
adapting for TV; television adaptation
improvement; amelioration
Americanization; Americanisation
standardization; manualization; compiling into a manual; formalization
chloridation; salification; chloride
robotization; robotizing; automation
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; reinforcement
petrifaction; petrification; mineralization; mineralisation; lithification; fossilization
bleaching; whitening; chlorosis; albinism
turning (a comic, novel, etc.) into a serialized TV-show; dramatization
hardening; vulcanization; hardening (of attitude, stance, etc.); stiffening; upturn (in the market); firming up
becoming (like) an old man (in one's manner); turning into an old geezer
dissimilation; catabolism; dissimilation (phonology); defamiliarization (artistic technique); ostranenie
putting online (services, administrative functions, etc.); going online; digitalization; digitization
caramelization; caramelisation
McDonaldization (institutions in society becoming standardized and focused on efficiency and predictability)
depopulation; decrease in population
modelling (e.g. a system, etc.)
cell encapsulation; conversion into cells
disabling; invalidation; nullification; vitiation
making (a manga, video game, etc.) into an animated film or TV series; anime adaptation
erhua (rhotacization of syllable finals in spoken Mandarin); erization
going feral (of a species); reverting to wild; escape
caricaturing; turning a movie, novel, etc. into a manga; making a comic version of something
turning into a slum; becoming run-down; slumism; slumification
shift away from manufacturing to an information and service-based economy; softening; release (e.g. of a movie) on home video (e.g. DVD, BD, VHS)
objectification; objectifying
substantiation; materialization; materialisation; (specific to object language classes) instantiation
stimulation (e.g. of an economy); revitalization (e.g. of a town); rejuvenation; activation
encryption; encoding; encipherment
quantification; expressing in numerical form; conversion to numerical form
making (a book, etc.) into a film; adapting for the screen
digitization; digitalization
male-to-female gender swap (in fan art and fan fiction)
idealization; idealisation
liberalization; liberalisation; freeing
novelization; turning into a novel
visualization; rendering visible (e.g. a problem); digitization
computerization; computerisation
female-to-male gender swap (in fan art and fan fiction)
codification (into rules); moving to a rule system; regulation
slimming down; scaling back; thinning; streamlining; retrenchment
nullification; annihilation
Galapagosization; phenomenon of companies becoming overly specialized in developing products for the domestic market
dividing into blocks; becoming a bloc; forming a bloc
burying; underground installation (cables, etc.)
embodiment; realization; materialization
fossil; petrifaction; petrification; fossilization
justification; rationalization
influence (on someone); inspiration
change; transformation; inversion
intensification; aggravation
making practical; making useful; implementing
calming down; quieting down
optimization; optimisation
mechanization; mechanisation
deterioration; becoming decrepit; becoming worn out
verbalization; putting into words
personification; anthropomorphization
emergence (of insects); eclosion; growing wings
miniaturization; miniaturisation; downsizing
making efficient; optimization
initialization (of a variable); initialisation; formatting (a disk); initialization; initialization (of a device); (factory) reset
becoming active; increase in activity
deification; apotheosis; wondrous change; great moral influence
vaporization; vaporisation; evaporation
modernization; modernisation
falling into madness; losing one's sanity; being consumed by frenzy; entering a berserk state (in fiction, games, etc)
novelizing; novelising; adapting a movie, game, etc. into a book
commercialization; commodification; turning (something) into a product
regularization; regularisation; getting up speed; proceeding at full tilt
coming to a head; coming to the surface; becoming an issue; breaking
suppuration; festering; purulence; pyosis; coming to a head; infection
generalization; generalisation; popularization; popularisation
appropriation; misappropriation; making one's own
embodiment; materialization; actualization; realization; taking form; taking shape
organization; organisation; systematization; systematisation
democratization; democratisation
becoming a mere shell; becoming a dead letter; losing (one's) substance; being reduced to a formality
declining birth rate; decline in the number of children; sub-replacement fertility
subdivision; segmentation; fractionalization; fragmentation
being actualized; becoming apparent; becoming tangible; surfacing; manifesting
purification; refining; simplification
education; enlightenment; civilization; civilisation; indoctrination
normalization; normalisation
different culture; foreign culture
rationalization; making (something) conform to reason; rationalization (of a company, industry, etc.); rationalisation; rationalization
stabilization; stabilisation
increase in speed; acceleration
systematization; systematisation; organization; organisation
sanctification; consecration
visualization; visualisation
becoming more serious or severe; aggravation; intensification
increasing in size; becoming bigger; enlargement
stipulation; stating clearly; documenting in writing; stating explicitly
electronization; digitization; computerization
imperial influence; assimilation of new territory
fortifying; fortification
bogging down; dragging on; turning into a quagmire; becoming mired in a mess
benighted lands outside of imperial influence
unification; centralization; integration; drawing things together; working out a common policy; consolidation
civilization; civilisation; enlightenment
popularization; popularisation
digitization; digital transformation
clarification; definition
maximization; maximisation
changing into cash; encashment; cashing
live-action adaptation (of a manga, animated film, etc.)
feminization; feminisation
becoming cancerous; canceration
normalization (of a social problem, of a situation, etc.)
industrialization; industrialisation; establishing a production system; putting into production
radicalization; radicalisation; intensification; aggravation; sharpening (e.g. of an image); narrowing (of a peak)
aging (of a population); ageing
aggravation (of an illness); exacerbation; worsening
colonization; colonisation
formalization; formalisation
averaging; levelling (off); equalization; standardization; balance
globalization; globalisation
making obligatory; making compulsory
homogenization; homogenisation
legalization; legalisation
computerization; computerisation
getting stuck in a rut; becoming stereotyped
liquefaction; fluidification
destabilization; destabilisation
enabling; activation; validation
Japanization; Japanisation; Japanification
minimization; minimisation
reduction (in size); shrinking; minimization; trivializing (an issue); making light of; playing down
vassalization; vassalisation
systematisation; systematization
restoration; return to health
internationalization; internationalisation
popularization; popularisation
sanctification; consecration
standardization; standardisation
conceptualization; conceptualisation
obsolescence; becoming obsolete (of a product, etc.)
privatization; privatisation
becoming aware (of); becoming conscious (of); realization; conscientization; (formation of) critical consciousness
symbolization; coding; encoding
making hollow; making meaningless; deindustrialization; deindustrialisation
nationalization; nationalisation
standardization; standardisation; normalization (e.g. in maths)
quantization; quantisation; quantizing
specialization; specialisation
institutionalization (of a practice); systematization; systematic implementation
formulation; formularization; formularisation
bipolarization; bipolarisation
internalization; internalisation
full automation; becoming unmanned; making (something) unmanned
moving into the black; becoming profitable
increase in sophistication; enhancement of functionality; increase in speed; upgrading
leveling; levelling; equalization; alleviation (e.g. of unemployment); harmonization
turning into a brand; branding
labor saving; labour saving
unification; centralization; centralisation
masculinization; virilization
making (information) into a database; creating a database (from information); entering into a database
animalization; animalisation
industrialization; industrialisation; commercialization
increase in the average age of marriage
synthetic fiber; synthetic fibre; chemical fiber; chemical fibre
socialization; socialisation
theatrical adaptation; stage adaptation; adapting for the theatre (theater)
homogenization; homogenisation
impersonation; personification
standardization; standardisation
standardization; uniformalization
objectivization; viewing objectively
stylization; conventionalization; standardization; formalization
gasification; vaporization; vaporisation
problematization; making an issue of (something); becoming a problem; becoming an issue
becoming part of the standard inventory (of a product); becoming popular
facilitation; smoothing; streamlining
incorporation; conversion to a corporation; privatization (of a previously public body)
individualization; individualisation
centralization of power; centralisation of power
commercialization; commercialisation
Taika era (645.6.19-650.2.15)
conversion to fiber optics
refinement; purification; gentle persuasion; winning over; influence
classifying in patterns; typification
popularization; popularisation
conversion to sugar; saccharification
computerization; computerisation
Europeanization; Europeanisation; Westernization; Westernisation
desalination; desalinization; desalting
securitization; securitisation
conservative swing; drift to the right; rightward trend
toughening the law; making the law stricter
industrialization; industrialisation
westernization; westernisation
secularization; secularisation; popularization; popularisation
gelatinization; gelatinisation; gelation; gelling
equalization; equalisation
duplication; to make redundant
acclimatization; naturalization; acclimation
modernization; modernisation
ideation; process of forming and relating ideas; to ideate
becoming the objective; setting as a goal
legislating; legislation; passage (of a bill) into law
hydrogen peroxide solution
decryption; decipherment; decoding
age lowering; reduction in age
company split-up; spinning off of a separate company
nationalization; nationalisation
manpower reduction; personnel saving
simplification; unification
making (something) free of charge; dispensing with fees
shift to domestic production; import substitution
becoming a permanent resident; becoming permanently settled; domiciliation
anonymization (of data); anonymisation
dramatization; dramatisation
becoming an issue of public concern; becoming a societal problem
commercialization; commercialisation
doughnut effect (exodus of residents from city centers to the suburbs); donut effect
recurrence relation; recurrence formula
commercialization; commercialisation
making something freely available (information, access to a competition, etc.)
militarization; militarisation
colorization; colourization; adding colour (to)
becoming communist; turning communist
banning (e.g. an organization); making something illegal
applied chemistry; adaptation
changing from free to paid (e.g. a service); starting to charge
westernization; westernisation
important intangible folk culture asset
commoditization; commodification
commoditization; commodification
bureaucratization; bureaucratisation
microminiaturization; micro-miniaturization
localization (of software, etc.); localisation
keratinization; cornification
making (something) free of charge; dispensing with fees
vocalization; vocalisation; voicing
urbanization; urbanisation
Sinicization; Sinification
randomization; randomisation
collectivization of agriculture (in the Soviet Union)
mechanization; mechanisation
normalization; normalisation; standardization; standardisation
incorporation; assimilation; internalization; making part of oneself
recycling; resource recovery
simplification; simplifying
caramelization; caramelisation
demilitarization; demilitarisation
establishment (of a custom, system, etc.); taking hold; taking root; fixation
customization; customisation
militarization; militarisation
sampling (e.g. in signal processing)
demutualization; becoming incorporated
objectification; objectifying
putting in order; systemize; systemise
decentralization (of power); decentralisation
acetone peroxide; triacetone triperoxide; peroxyacetone; TATP; TCAP
assimilation; incorporation
obfuscation (of source code)
writing into law; codification; enacting
extreme population aging (ageing)
merchant class culture that flourished in Edo during the Bunka-Bunsei period
multilingualization; multilingualisation; localization; localisation
putting into print; publishing; converting into digital text (e.g. speech, handwriting)
electrification (esp. in the auto industry)
ageing (of a population); aging
pitch accent leveling; pronouncing normally pitch-accented Japanese words without accent
becoming a dead letter; becoming meaningless (of a statute, law, etc.)
turning (something) into a show; turning into a performance; adapting for the stage
organizational inertia; organisational inertia
iconization; minimization
instantiation (in object-oriented programming)
integration, e.g. of electronic components into integrated circuits
vacuolation; vacuolization
leftward shift; liberal trend
urbanization; urbanisation
animating (a character, object, text, etc.); making (a manga, video game, etc.) into an animated film or TV series; anime adaptation
listing; turning into a list
personalization; personalisation; product stopping being a luxury item
diagonalisation; diagonalization
polarization; polarisation; lining up with
multipolarization; multipolarisation
damping; muffling; noise-reduction
canonization (in a textual sense)
increase in the level of academic achievement; popularisation of higher education
generalization (psychology, linguistics, etc.)
giving guidance; explaining
becoming more difficult (e.g. exam); increasing difficulty
tendency to not get married; declining marriage rate
individualization (of a task or job; as opposed to standardization); personalization
computerization; computerisation
simplification; facilitation; becoming easy
militarization (of a country); militarisation
skeletonization; being reduced to bones
fireproofing treatment (e.g. of a building)
encryption; coding; password
normalization; normalisation
(high) tariff protection; tariff jumping
regularisation; regularization
vocalization; vocalisation
subcategorization; subcategorisation
changing something to full remote control
racemization; racemisation
ortho-normalization; ortho-normalisation
(nuclear fuel) enrichment
potassium ferricyanide (C6FeK3N6)
binary-coded decimal code
binary coded decimal; BCD
binary-coded decimal representation
binary-coded decimal notation
digitization; digitisation; digital transformation; modernizing (society, etc.) with the use of IT
romanisation; romanization; transcribing into the Latin script
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
time-division multiplexing; TDM
high capacity; high load capacity; high load carrying capacity
high capacity; high load capacity; high load carrying capacity
orthogonalized plane wave; OPW
phosphine; phosphane; diphosphine; diphosphane; solid hydrogen phosphides (a yellow powder)
phosphine; phosphane; diphosphine; diphosphane; solid hydrogen phosphides (a yellow powder)
sustained virological response; SVR
isomerization; isomerisation
one of the 72 climates (from the 11th of the second lunar month until the 15th)
change toward a borderless world; development of a borderless world
time when moles transform into quails (second climate of the third month)
demythologization; demythicization
stock conversion; conversion to stock
oxidative phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
moving to a market-oriented economy; market-oriented economic reform
depalatalization (e.g. dropping small kana in borrowing foreign words into Japanese); depalatalisation
adding a penalty to a crime (e.g. fines, prison); penalizing a crime
benevolent rule of a gracious sovereign
denuclearization; denuclearisation
increase in the average age of childbirth
transformation of the population of Japan into idiots (because of television)
normalization; offering people with disabilities the same conditions as other people
simplified Chinese character
polyvinylidene fluoride; polyvinylidene difluoride; PVDF
Westernization of food; Westernization of dietary habits
rendering plant for livestock carcasses
sustainability subsidy (for businesses struggling during the COVID-19 pandemic)
habituation; becoming a habit; making a habit (of)
photofunctionalization (UV reactivation of implant surfaces)
becoming formulaic; falling into a routine; routinization
boxing (putting a value in a wrapper type)
frogification phenomenon; developing an aversion to someone one had feelings for once that person reciprocates those feelings; disillusionment upon noticing negative qualities in a romantic partner
randomization; randomisation
bricking (e.g. of a smartphone)
detoxification; (toxic waste) treatment; sanitization; sterilization
hydrocyanic acid; prussic acid; hydrogen cyanide
cretification; cretifaction chalking
right to make available for transmission; right to put one's work into transmissable form
enshittification; gradual worsening of an online product or service's quality
becoming violent (of a crowd); turning into a mob; rioting
removing excess material (from the build of a product)
fixation; rigidification; entrenchment; immobilization
exteriorization; embodiment; materialization
Japan Construction Method and Machinery Research Institute
Division of Biofunctional Chemistry
SPC Electronics Corporation
Nanjing University of Technology
Beijing University of Chemical Technology