1. if; when
marks hypothetical condition
2. and; as well as
3. with; together with; accompanied by
4. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
5. when; once
indicates natural or certain outcome
6. with; against; to
indicates target of action
7. indicates manner of action; forms an adverb of manner
8. with; to (as in "similar to"); from (as in "different from"); than
marks the thing being compared to, or taken as a basis
9. when; as; as soon as; upon; the moment that; after
indicates simultaneity, impetus or sequence
10. as; to
indicates designation or specification
11. marks the outcome of a change; marks the result of an action
oft. as ～なる; more formal than に
12. what's this?; what do you mean ...?; how can you ...
at sentence end, with rising intonation; indicates scrutiny, mistrust or retort
13. ... I think; I guess ...; it's that ...; ... you mean?; ... you're saying?
at sentence end; ellipsis of ～思う, 言う, etc.
14. ... right; ... OK; ... there; let's see...; ... check
at sentence end; self-confirmatory utterance when talking to oneself
15. be it ... or ...; no matter (what, who, etc.)
after (repeated) volitionals
16. indicates the order something is done in
e.g. as Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ～する, where する is any verb
17. (not) even; (less) than; (not) as much as; within
with neg. sentence; after a small amount; emphatic
18. like; as
indicates similarity
19. (and) then; and; thereupon; whereupon
20. indicates a question
at sentence end
21. promoted pawn