indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to name; to call; to christen; to term
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
meaning; significance; sense
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
final; eventual; ultimate
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to disclose; to divulge; to expose; to open (a grave); to dig out
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
feeling keenly; fully realizing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
to have meaning; to be meaningful
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
obligation; duty; charge; responsibility
person in charge; senior staff; manager; chief; head