sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
madness; insanity; lunacy
imperial mausoleum; Emperor's tomb; big hill
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
to dry (clothes, etc.); to desiccate
successive generations; successive emperors
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
of course; certainly; naturally
single word; a few words; brief comment
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
departure; departing (from ...); sending; sent (by ...); engine; counter for gunshots, bursts of gas, etc.
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
late attendance; lateness; tardiness
to condemn; to blame; to urge; to press; to torture; to torment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bear; to stand; to support; to withstand; to be fit for; to be equal to
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan); sappanwood dye (red in colour); layered colour (light brown on the front, dark red beneath)
emperor (of Japan); mikado
at one's feet; underfoot; gait; pace; most recent; current
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to