to know; to be aware (of); to be acquainted (with); to think; to consider; to believe
to do over; to remake; to resume
attention; kind attention; courteous attention
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to decline (e.g. of morals); to be lost; to go into decline (of a town, business, etc.)
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
arrival of ships (from abroad); arrival by ship
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
tide; current; tendency; trend
from long ago; from old times; from time immemorial
annoying; infuriating; provoking; irritating; aggravating; vexing
expectation; anticipation; purpose; intention; others' opinions of one; speculation
abolition of the han system and establishment of prefectures (1871)
major powers of the world; great powers
to stand, walk, etc. shoulder-to-shoulder; to be on a par with
beyond one's means or position
running fast; double time; cantering; doing things in a hurry
Western-style; Western-fashioned
to praise extravagantly; to lionize; to lionise; to make much of
to scorn; to despise; to hold in contempt; to look down on; to disdain
plunge basin; waterfall lake; plunge pool; basin under a waterfall
colonization; colonisation
Europe and the United States; Europe and America; the West
detonation by contact; contact detonation; touching off (something); triggering; sparking
to sit in a row; to be arrayed
enrich the country, strengthen the army
political measures; policy
military service; conscription
Japan and Russia; Russo-Japanese
outbreak (e.g. of war); outburst; sudden occurrence
modernization; modernisation
unfair; unjust; wrongful; improper; unreasonable; unwarranted
germ; germs; bacteria; something dirty or harmful; vermin
to stray into; to lose one's way (and enter); to wander into
famine; crop failure; chronic shortage (e.g. of water)
dry riverbed; river beach
deadly serious; deadly earnest
groundless (rumour, accusation, etc.); unfounded; baseless; without a shred of truth
slander; libel; defamation; calumny; smear
historical; traditional; historic
to fan (oneself, flames, etc.); to flap (in the wind); to instigate; to stir up; to drive up prices (by buying a large amount of something); to take a photo from a low angle; to tailgate