undulation; ups and downs; highs and lows
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
loose; slack; gentle (slope, curve); slow (speed); lenient; liberal
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
bald mountain; denuded mountain; bare hill; treeless hill
aspect; phase; condition; modality (philosophy)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
radio wave; reception; signal; saying strange things
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
artificial object; man-made object; artifact; artefact
characteristic (of); peculiar (to)
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to flow into; to pour into; to stream into
(computer) monitor; consumer who comments on products, television programs, etc. (programmes); program or utility that monitors a program or activity
notice; notification; report; posting
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to pick up; to find; to gather
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
terminal; computer terminal; information access device (smartphone, tablet, book-reader, etc.); end (e.g. of a roll of film)
to be broken; to break; to fall through; to come to nothing
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
consequence; outcome; result; blame
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally