indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
summer vacation; summer holiday
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
honorific/polite/humble prefix
older brother; elder brother
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be surprised; to be amazed; to be frightened; surprise (e.g. surprise party)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to peek (through a keyhole, gap, etc.); to look down into (a ravine, etc.); to peek into (a shop, bookstore, etc.); to sneak a look at; to take a quick look at; to peep (through a telescope, microscope, etc.); to stick out (a scarf from a collar, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
one's own strength; one's own efforts; self-salvation
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; hour; period; class
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces