indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to go on a trip; to go out to play; to go and visit (a friend)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
thump-thump; bang-bang; pit-a-pat; to beat fast (of one's heart); to throb; to pound
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(in) the middle of; (in) the midst of; (in) the course of; (at) the height of
woman; female; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
legend; folklore; tradition
old girl; former female student; alumna; office girl
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to call (someone) to (the door, phone, etc.); to tell (someone) to come; to call up (on the phone); to invoke (e.g. a subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
island; one's territory (of a sex worker, organized crime gang, etc.); one's turf
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
else; in addition; besides
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
being in charge of (esp. a class or subject); taking charge of; class teacher; homeroom teacher; form teacher